BLADDER CANCER: DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES, AGE, SEX DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATED VARIANTS WITH GRADATION

Background: Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the ninth most common cancer in the world, and the third most common cancer among men in West Asian countries, including Arab countries. Despite the increasing prevalence of UBC in developing countries, many places, including Yemen, do not have representative studies showing the true impact of these tumors on the population. Aims: To describe the different types of bladder cancers, and their distributions with age, and sex and to correlated different types with gradation, invasion muscles; and schistosomiasis in the last ten years in a single Yemini institute. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was performed on UBC patients who were subsequently diagnosed selectively by histopathological study in the Department of Pathology at the National Center for Public Health Laboratories (NCPHL) Sana'a, Yemen, over a period of about 10 years from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2021. The study variables were cancer histological type, sex, grades and age. Types, grading and histological diagnoses were formed in line with the World Health Organization classification of bladder cancer. Results: Most of the cases were in the age group 60-69 years (32%), followed by 70 years (22.3%), and 50-59 years (20%). The most common UBCs were urothelial neoplasms (UNs) (71.5%), followed by squamous neoplasms (SNs) (24.4%) while other types were less frequent. There was a cytologically high grade with a significance rate (64.2%) with UNs. There was a significance rate of: schistosomiasis (43.8%) with SNs as OR=19.5 (p < 0.001), and invasion of muscle fibers (66.4%) with SNs as OR=3.3, UNs (37.1%) as OR=11.2 (p < 0.001). Also there was a significance rate of GII grade (46.1%) with SNs as OR=64.1 (p<0.001) and GNs (33.3%) as OR=3.8 (p =0.02). Conclusion: The present study verification data congruence with those in the international literature and reports of neighboring countries, with some minor differences. This study documents a high incidence of urothelial neoplasms, with a male predominance and a peak incidence in the sixth decade of life. Imminent studies are needed to identify risk factors that increase cystitis in more detail and to study genetic susceptibility to inflammation and inflammatory markers before cancer is diagnosed. Peer Review History: Received: 1 November 2021; Revised: 17 December; Accepted: 31 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia. Md. Monirul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [email protected] Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected] Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF CANCER DISEASE AT CHATTAGRAM IN BANGLADESH ACCESS TO MEDICINES STRATEGIES OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME IN CAMEROON

S-5 formula for leadership development

Leadership is an area of perennial interest cutting across all fields of knowledge, including health sciences. The current models of leadership emphasize the skills and techniques derived from behavioural sciences and management. S-5 Formula is a developmental model, evidenced by learning theories and anchored in ancient Indian wisdom. The leadership journey begins by Setting a high goal (Sankalpa) to achieve something big, different and useful. This journey is aided by a Self- study and reflection (Swadhyaya). It gains Synergy (Satsanga) through collaborative learning, mentoring and feedback. The next phase is Service (Seva). Finally, the leader does act of Surrender (Samarpan), giving back to the society thus becoming an instrument of change. The theoretical framework behind these components and their implications for practice have been discussed.

Past and future of HIV infection. A document based on expert opinion

HIV infection is now almost 40 years old. In this time, along with the catastrophe and tragedy that it has entailed, it has also represented the capacity of modern society to take on a challenge of this magnitude and to transform an almost uniformly lethal disease into a chronic illness, compatible with a practically normal personal and relationship life. This anniversary seemed an ideal moment to pause and reflect on the future of HIV infection, the challenges that remain to be addressed and the prospects for the immediate future. This reflection has to go beyond merely technical approaches, by specialized professionals, to also address social and ethical aspects. For this reason, the Health Sciences Foundation convened a group of experts in different aspects of this disease to discuss a series of questions that seemed pertinent to all those present. Each question was presented by one of the participants and discussed by the group. The document we offer is the result of this reflection.

The System of Awarding Degrees in Higher Education of Iran and United Kingdom: A Descriptive-Comparative Study With Focusing on the Internationalization of Health Education

The main indicators of higher education (HE) internationalization in the field of awarding degrees are the international development of disciplines and interdisciplinary sciences, new educational and learning methods, new and updated curricula, and their correct ways of sharing. This study aimed to examine the system of awarding degrees in health HE of Iran and the United Kingdom. This descriptive-comparative study focused on the field of medical sciences and its related disciplines. The vital information about the variables was collected by visiting the official websites of the UK universities and related or joint organizations. The related information to the Kerman University of Medical Sciences as a sample of Iran medical universities was obtained from the university’s Farabar system. All data extraction steps were performed manually. There were differences in the mechanism of setting up a new discipline and the process of students’ admission, diversity of degrees’ titles and curriculums, stability of disciplines over the time, creativity in creating competition between different disciplines, the reason for establishing a discipline and the requirements for certification and awarding of degrees in health sciences disciplines in Iran and the United Kingdom were described. Propelling of medical education in the health sciences area towards standard awarding degree systems can be responsible for the requirements of internationalization of higher education.

Racismo obstétrico vivenciado por mulheres negras: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

O presente estudo tem por objetivo levantar os dados contidos na literatura referentes ao racismo obstétrico associado à violência obstétrica cometido contra mulheres negras, seus impactos na saúde materna, bem como expor as formas de combate a esse tipo de violência. Trata-se de um estudo fundamentado no método de Revisão Integrativa da Literatura (RIL), realizado no mês de outubro de 2021 nas bases de dados Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Bases de dados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e na biblioteca Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PUBMED. Dentre as publicações selecionadas pelos autores para compor a RIL deste estudo, 2 foram publicados no ano de 2016, 2 artigos em 2020 e 3 artigos em 2021. Identificaram-se um total de 7 artigos. As discussões apresentadas pelos autores foram descritas em duas categorias temáticas. Este estudo discorre a respeito do racismo atrelado à violência obstétrica e a repercussão na saúde materna e pontua meios de combate ao racismo obstétrico a fim de garantir os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de mulheres negras. O presente estudo mostrou-se relevante ao abordar a temática de tamanha relevância social, incorporando os dados pertinentes contidos nos estudos selecionados para a discussão, mostrando a realidade das mulheres negras vítimas de violência obstétrica e as implicações dessas em suas vidas.

Guidance on research integrity provided by European discipline-specific learned societies: A scoping review

There is little research on how guidance provided in the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (ALLEA code) compares with recommendations developed by European discipline-specific learned societies. We identified, and conducted a content analysis of, 58 guideline documents from 245 societies. Less than 25% of societies in any discipline provide guidance and there are notable disciplinary differences. Recommendations not reflected in the ALLEA code relate primarily to research culture and environment. Medical and Health Sciences societies often focus on regulatory and procedural aspects of research, whereas Natural Sciences societies emphasize the importance of accurate and appropriate dissemination of results. Humanities and Social Sciences societies’ recommendations are more heterogenous and relate to the nature of specific sub-disciplines. Our results reflect differences in epistemological approaches as well as the specific role and responsibilities of societies as membership organizations. We recommend that societies develop, or endorse, appropriate research integrity guidance.

Social Media Tools for the Development of Pre-Service Health Sciences Researchers during COVID-19 in Pakistan

The development of health sciences researchers has immense significance during a pandemic to control, manage, and prevent future outbreaks of the disease. This study focused on the use of social media tools (SMT) among pre-service health sciences researchers to complement their research competencies (RCT) and research completion levels (RC) during COVID-19. This study used the Vitae research development framework (RDF) to measure research competencies as a mediator between the use of social media tools and research completion levels among post-graduate health sciences students. A cross-section survey research approach was adopted to collect data from the post-graduate students (n = 410) enrolled in health sciences departments at universities in Pakistan. The SmartPLS 3.3.8 software was used to analyze data through Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed that different social media tools such as communication, information management, and multimedia have a direct influence on the research competencies of the pre-service researchers and have an indirect effect on the research completion levels. Health sciences institutions may devise social-media-based instructional strategies to develop post-graduate students’ research competencies, such as personal effectiveness, research governance, and research engagement, to help them compile their research and complete their degree program in time during an emergency.