acid system
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra A. Kalgaonkar ◽  
Qasim Sahu ◽  
Nour Baqader

Abstract Gelled acid systems based upon gelation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) are widely used in in both matrix acidizing and fracture acidizing treatments to prevent acidizing fluid leak-off into high permeable zones of a reservoir. The gelled up fluid system helps retard the acid reaction to allow deeper acid penetration for hydrocarbon productivity enhancement. The in-situ gelation is typically achieved by using crosslinked polymers with the acid. Conventional in-situ crosslinked gelled acid systems are made up of polyacrylamide gelling agent, iron based crosslinker and a breaker chemical in addition to other additives, with the acid as the base fluid. However, the polymer-based systems can lead to damaging the formation due to a variety of reasons including unbroken polymer residue. Additionally, the iron-based crosslinker systems can lead to scaling, precipitation and or sludge formation after the acid reacts with the formation, resulting in formation damage and lowering of hydrocarbon productivity. In this paper we showcase a new nanoparticles based gelled acid system that overcomes the inherent challenges faced by conventional in-situ crosslinked gelled acid systems. The new system can work in 5 to 20 % HCl up to 300°F. The new system does not contain any polymer or iron based crosslinker that can potentially damage the formation. It comprises nanoparticles, a gelation activator, acidizing treatment additives along with HCl. The new in-situ gelled acid system has low viscosity at surface making it easy to pump. It gels up at elevated temperatures and pH of 1 to 4, which helps with diverting the tail end acid to tighter or damaged zones of the formation. We demonstrate that the viscosification and eventual gelation of the new system can be achieved as the acid reacts with a carbonate formation and the pH rises above 1. As the acid further reacts and continues to spend there by increasing the pH beyond 4, the gel demonstrates reduction of viscosity. This assists in a better cleanup post the acidizing treatment. Various experimental techniques were used to showcase the development of the nanoparticle based acid diversion fluid. Static and dynamic gelation studies as a function of time, temperature and pH are reported. The gelation performance of the new system was evaluated at temperatures up to 300°F and discussed in the paper. Comparative performance of different types of gelation activators on the gelation profile of the nanoparticles is evaluated. It is also shown that the gelation and viscosity reduction is entirely a pH dependent phenomenon and does not require any additional breaker chemistry, and therefore provides more control over the system performance. The novelty of the new gelled acid system is that it is based upon nanoparticles making it less prone to formation damage as compared to a crosslinked polymer based system.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jette Riecks ◽  
Balázs Győrffy ◽  
Ludwig Kiesel ◽  
Alberto Passi ◽  
Davide Vigetti ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose: Hyaluronan modulates tumor progression, including cell adhesion, cohesion, proliferation and invasion, and the cancer stem cell phenotype. In ovarian cancer, high levels of stromal hyaluronan are associated with poor prognosis. In this work hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3) and hyaluronidases (HYAL1-5, HYALP1) were examined with regard to different levels of gene expression and its influence on ovarian cancer patients survival. The impact of a siRNA depletion of hyaluronic acid synthase HAS2 was investigated in vitro.Methods: Using the Kaplan Meier Plotter tool, we investigated the influence of hyaluronic synthesis enzymes on the survival of a collective of 1435 ovarian cancer patients. We studied SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells subjected to HAS2 siRNA or control siRNA treatment in terms of HAS1-3, HYAL2 and HYAL3 mRNA expression. We investigated the ability to form spheroids using the Hanging Drop method and the response to chemotherapy at different concentrations using the MTT Assay. By String analysis, interactions within the enzymes of the hyaluronic acid system and with binding partners were visualized. Results: HAS2 improves cell viability, the capability to form tumor spheroids and has a negative prognostic value regarding overall survival. Lower HAS2 expression and high expression of HYAL2 and HYAL3 favours the survival of ovarian cancer patients. HAS2 knockdown cells and control cells showed a moderate response to in vitro chemotherapy with Taxol, Cisplatin and combinatorial treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion our study shows that the hyaluronic acid system has a relevant influence on the survival of ovarian cancer patients and could therefore be considered as a possible prognostic factor.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Kalgaonkar ◽  
Mohammed Bataweel ◽  
Mustafa Alkhowaildi ◽  
Qasim Sahu

Abstract Gelled acid systems based upon gelation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) are used widely in acid stimulation treatments to prevent fluid leak-off into the high permeable zones of a reservoir. The gelled-up fluid system helps retard the acid reaction to allow deeper acid penetration for hydrocarbon productivity enhancement. Conventional in-situ crosslinked gelled acid systems are made up of polyacrylamide gelling agent, iron-based crosslinker, and a breaker chemical in addition to other additives, with the acid as the base fluid. The polymer-based systems can lead to damage to formation due to a variety of reasons including unbroken polymer residue. Additionally, the iron-based crosslinker systems can lead to scaling or precipitation after the acid reacts with the formation, resulting in formation damage and lowering of hydrocarbon productivity. In this paper, we showcase a new nanoparticles-based gelled acid system that does not contain any polymer or iron-based crosslinker that can potentially damage the formation. It comprises nanoparticles, a gelation activator, acidizing treatment additives along with HCl. The new in-situ gelled acid system has low viscosity at surface making it easy to pump. With increase in the temperature and as the acid spends there is a viscosity increase. The viscosification and eventual gelation of the new system can be achieved as the acid reacts with a carbonate formation. As the acid further reacts and continues to spend, the gel demonstrates reduction of viscosity. This assists in a better cleanup post the acidizing treatment. Various experimental techniques were used to highlight the development of the nanoparticle-based acid diversion fluid. The gelation properties of the acid system, as a function of acid strength and temperature, are investigated. Static and dynamic gelation studies as a function of time, temperature and pH are reported. It is demonstrated that the viscosification property is a function of pH and the gelation occurs in a pH widow from 1 to 5 pH units. The gelation performance of the new system is evaluated at temperatures up to 300°F. The effect of different types of surface modification chemistries on the gelation properties is investigated. It is also shown that the gelation and viscosity reduction is entirely a pH dependent phenomenon and does not require any additional breaker chemistry; and therefore provides more control over the system performance. The new gelled acid system overcomes the inherent challenges faced by conventional in-situ crosslinked gelled acid systems; as it is based upon nanoparticles making it less prone to formation damage as compared to a crosslinked polymer-based system.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenamutha Ravichandran ◽  
Sulaiman Sidek ◽  
Ahmed Nabil Zakaria ◽  
Karim Ahmed Shata ◽  
Zool Nasri Sapiee ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives, Scope This paper provides valuable insights on aqueous retarded acid system evaluation based on laboratory testing, literature review and engineering analysis prior to the field application for a candidate well in a gas field, offshore East Malaysia (Figure 1). The field is a reefal carbonates build-up overlayed by a thick shale sequence and is one of the deepest fields in Sarawak Asset, in which the produced fluid contains up to 3,500ppm H2S, 20% CO2 and bottomhole temperature up to 288°F. Production enhancement for this carbonate reservoir requires application of a more effective approach to address challenges associated with acid placement and reservoir contact in long pay zones of complex diagenetic facies high temperature carbonate reservoirs, thereby improving return on investment. Figure 1Structural map of Central Luconia carbonate platform offshore Sarawak, Malaysia (Janjuhah et al. 2016) Methods, Procedures, Process The workflow adopted for the stimulation job involves thorough historical production data analysis, detail petrophysical review to evaluate reservoir properties, in-depth production performance analysis (i.e. nodal and network modeling), completion review to ascertain damage mechanism and economic evaluation that include decision risk analysis to evaluate all range of probabilistic outcome. Initial selection of stimulation fluids was based on the mineralogical composition of the main producing formation. A detailed study of reservoir rock and its reaction to various acid systems has been based upon software modeling where sensitivity analyses involving multiple treatment schedule scenarios incorporating various acid and diverter fluid systems are considered. Coreflood experiment was then performed to determine the Pore Volume to Breakthrough (PVBT) comparing emulsified acid with aqueous retarded acid at temperature of 250°F, injection rate of 3ml/min and at confining pressure of 1,500psi. The low PVBT values (i.e. 1.125 and 0.521) and unique breakthrough features obtained from the coreflood confirmed that aqueous retarded acid is effective to stimulate the carbonate reservoir. Compatibility testing was also conducted to assess the stability of the retarded acid recipes and potential reaction with reservoir fluids (i.e. water and condensate), downhole completion and surface equipment. Results, Observation, Conclusion An established stimulation software was used to refine the acid volume calculation and placement analysis. Field trial was made using combined application of the aqueous retarded acid and viscoelastic diverting acid. Considering several case scenarios, the remedial treatment was performed via bullheading to achieve optimum injection rate within 5bpm to 7bpm. Total of 197bbls acid and 197bbls diverter was be pumped during the treatment that will be split in several stages to achieve average invasion profile of 2.8ft and -1.3 skin value. This paper presents aqueous retarded acid system as alternative to widely used emulsified acid systems. Field application of the approach supports the theoretical findings based on substantial improvement in well production, pressure matching of the remedial treatment and calibrated nodal analysis assessment. This demonstrates the value of holistic approach of laboratory testing, comprehensive software modeling and application of enhanced stimulation fluids to overcome complex technical challenges Novel, Additive Information The field production was previously constrained by its high CO2 levels and the supply gas ratio agreement. The information and lessons learnt from this paper will be applicable as evident of practical improvements to achieve sustainable production from the field since it has a strategic importance as production, processing and export hub to other four gas fields. Recent CO2 blending project has allow a better distribution of gas across the network and therefore demand higher production from the field, thus further unlock it potential to achieve economic optimization.


2021 ◽  
pp. 2103189
Author(s):  
Niranjan G. Kotla ◽  
Isma Liza Mohd Isa ◽  
Swetha Rasala ◽  
Secil Demir ◽  
Rajbir Singh ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 2100277
Author(s):  
Petteri Kettunen ◽  
Do Sung Huh ◽  
István Szalai ◽  
Tomohiko Yamaguchi
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