Plunging Circular Jets: Experimental Characterization of Dynamic Pressures Near the Stagnation Zone

Spillways are a requirement for dams’ safety, mainly preventing overtopping during floods. A common spillway solution involves plunging jets, which dissipate a considerable flow energy in the plunge pool. Energy dissipation has to occur in a controlled manner to avoid endangering the dam foundation and river slopes. Indeed, a scouring process in the downstream riverbed will inevitably develop until equilibrium is reached, otherwise a suitable pre-excavated or concrete lined plunge pool has to be provided. This paper focuses on experimental studies in which particular attention was paid to the dynamic pressures in the plunge pool floor at the vicinity of the jet stagnation zone sampled at 2.4 kHz. A rectangular experimental facility, 4.00 m long and 2.65 m wide, was used as plunge pool. Tests involved a vertical circular plunging jet with velocity ranging from 5 to 18 m/s and plunge pool depth ranging from 4.2 to 12.5 jet diameters. Differences in dynamic pressure measurements are highlighted between transducers located in the inner and outer regions of the jet diameter footprint. Several parameters characterizing the dynamic pressures evidence trends tied with the jet velocity that, to the authors’ knowledge, were not dealt in previous research. These can derive from the coupling effects of consequent recirculating motions and air entrainment in the limited-size plunge pool. Both effects, increasing with velocity, cause an reduction in the efficiency of the diffusing jet shear layer. This aspect deserves further investigation to achieve a better understanding and more complete characterization.

Stagnation Zone Near a Corner in Viscoplastic Fluid Flow

The shape, size and location of the stagnation zone between flat non-parallel walls that make up the corner of a tube with non-circular cross-section through which a phase change material of the Bingham plastic type flows is investigated. We show that the stagnant area is bounded by a convex meniscus whose size depends on the degree of plasticity and the vertex angle. The maximum and minimum energy dissipation occurs at the wall and at the bisectrix, respectively. The stagnant zone can be altogether avoided by modifying the shape of the wall in the corner area. A new design of the cross-section of the tube that allows reducing or eliminating this area to optimize the mass transport is developed. Two optimal solutions a vertex with a straight cut and a concavely curved vertex are proposed.

Understanding kinematics of the orthogonal cutting using digital image correlation – measurement and analysis

Due to the development of advanced image correlation and high speed filming techniques, the kinematic field during the cutting process can be experimentally determined including the displacement, strain, and strain rate fields. As known, the setting parameters for the digital image correlation (DIC) as well as the optical parameters of the given camera and lighting system have a great influence on the spatial resolution and accuracy of the DIC results. In this study, the speckle pattern in terms of speckle size and intensity distribution are analyzed when using two different surface preparation methods. Moreover, the influences of the subset sizes for the image correlation on the strain and strain rate are numerically studied. Interlaboratory measurements of the kinematic field during the orthogonal cutting of AISI 4140 were conducted with two different in-situ imaging setups. The material flow near the cutting tool edge determined from the velocity field were compared with the numerical simulation. The experiments showed that no stagnation zone exists, however a considerable large stagnation zone was found from the numerical simulation. Furthermore, slip-line fields were constructed from the experimentally determined strain rate components, from which the boundary conditions along the chip free and chip-tool interface were derived.

Unsteady MHD Mixed Convection Flow of Non-Newtonian Casson Hybrid Nanofluid in the Stagnation Zone of Sphere Spinning Impulsively

In the present analysis, an unsteady MHD mixed convection flow is scrutinized for a non-Newtonian Casson hybrid nanofluid in the stagnation zone of a rotating sphere, resulting from the impulsive motion of the angular velocity of the sphere and the velocity of the free stream. A set of linearized equations is derived from the governing ones, and these differential equations are solved numerically using the hybrid linearization–differential quadrature method. The surface shear stresses in the x- and y-directions and the surface heat transfer rate are improved due to the Casson βo, mixed convection α, rotation γ and magnetic field M parameters. In addition, as nanoparticles, the solid volume fraction (parameter ϕ) increases, and the surface shear stresses and the rate of heat transfer are raised. A comparison between earlier published data and the present numerical computations is presented for the limiting cases, which are noted to be in very good agreement.

Effects of subsurface barriers on seawater intrusion and nitrate accumulation in coastal aquifers

The subsurface barrier is one of various engineering measures used to prevent seawater intrusion in coastal regions which has been widely applied. However, its two common types, the cut-off wall and the subsurface dam, are both found to cause nitrate (NO3-) accumulation in landward aquifers. In this study, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the mechanism of NO3- accumulation caused by the two types of subsurface barriers, as well as the influence of several key parameters, i.e. the infiltration NO3- concentration, the inflow DOC concentration, the barrier height and the barrier location on the performance of the subsurface barriers. The results showed that the cut-off wall generally requires a large height to ensure a satisfactory seawater prevention effectiveness, and it is more likely to cause NO3- accumulation compared to a subsurface dam. On the other hand, despite the subsurface dam may not result in the significant increase of NO3- concentration in groundwater upstream, it cannot be applied to the areas where SI has occurred due to the residual seawater problem. Moreover, the construction of a cut-off wall results in a stagnation zone appeared at the upper corner of the barrier, where accumulated NO3- significantly. With the increase of the barrier height, the stagnation zone expanded, leading to further increase of mean NO3- concentration in the landward aquifer. Since the construction of a subsurface dam will not generate such a zone, the subsurface dam generally has little impact on NO3- accumulation.

Flow patterns of non-Newtonian nanofluid flow in cylindrical enclosure with rotating endwall: Effects of nanoparticles concentration

In this paper, a numerical study on the flow structure of non-Newtonian nanofluid in cylindrical enclosure with rotating end wall. The considered nanofluid, MWCNT-water, exhibits a strong power-law shear-thinning behavior with the increase in nanoparticles loading. The main focus in this study is the effect of nanoparticles concentration on the vortex breakdown phenomenon. The simulation results showed that adding a small amount of nanoparticle eliminate the vortex breakdown which is considered as a positive in mixing process. However, the increase in nanoparticles concentration as well as the enclosure aspect ratio promotes the apparition of secondary recirculation zone and stagnation zone.

Computational experiments with the AUSM technique

In this paper, we discuss computational experiments based on the “AUSM” stream splitting methods. The efficiency of using various pressure approximations for flow splitting according to the original AUSM method is shown. The proposed use of splitting is tested on one-dimensional and three-dimensional problems. Partial use of the flow splitting method, only in terms of pressure, is proposed to be used in the calculations of the Euler system on unstructured grids. A variant of the application of the method of strong deceleration of the flow in the calculations of the flow around obtuse bodies is considered. The algorithm of the method for calculating flows with an extended stagnation zone, within which the Mach numbers decrease to about ~ 0.1, is investigated. Comparison with high-precision methods based on the solution of the Riemann problem is given.