EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC AND PREBIOTIC CONSUMPTION ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN THE ELDERLY IN POSYANDU MANISJANGAN YOGYAKARTA

Background: With advanced age, an increase in lipid profile is associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies showed that the administration of probiotic and/or prebiotic are effective in improving lipid profiles. However, other studies have also shown that probiotic and prebiotic had insignificant effects on lipid profiles.Objectives: Determined the effects of probiotic and prebiotic on blood cholesterol level in the elderly.Methods: A total of 64 elderly who did not take cholesterol-lowering drugs enrolled in the quasi-experiment pretest-posttest design and were assigned to three interventions and control groups. The subjects in PRE-group consumed 100 grams of mung bean porridge per day; the subjects in PRO-group consumed 65 ml of fermented milk enriched with Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain per day; the subjects in PREPRO-group consumed 100 grams of mung bean porridge and 65 ml of fermented milk enriched with Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain per day. All intervention groups received treatment for 4 weeks. The control group did not receive any treatment during the study. Before and after treatment, cholesterol data was collected. Paired t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc LSD were used for statistical analysis.Results There was an increase in cholesterol levels in PRE, PRO, PREPRO-groups (12.93 mg/dL; 48.37 mg/dL; and 7.62 mg/dL). Among the three intervention groups, only the consumption of probiotic was significant for changes in blood cholesterol levels (p 0.023). The administration of various interventions did not have a significant effect on changes in cholesterol levels (p 0.246) when compared to the control group.Conclusion: Prebiotic and probiotic do not lower blood cholesterol level in the elderly in Posyandu Manisjangan Yogyakarta.

Lowering blood cholesterol does not affect neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) commonly affecting young adults. There is increasing evidence that environmental factors are important in the development and course of MS. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) including dyslipidemia has been associated with a worse outcome in MS disease. Furthermore, the lipid lowering drugs statins have been proposed to improve MS disease course. However, cholesterol is also rate-limiting for myelin biogenesis and promotes remyelination in MS animal models. Thus, the impact of circulating blood cholesterol level during the disease remains debated and controversial. Methods: We assessed the role of circulating cholesterol on the murine model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease using two different approaches: 1) the mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia induced by low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) deficiency, and 2) the use of the monoclonal anti-PCSK9 neutralizing antibody alirocumab which reduces LDLr degradation and consequently lowers blood levels of cholesterol. Results: Elevated blood cholesterol levels induced by LDLr deficiency did not worsen clinical symptoms of mice during EAE. In addition, we observed that the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab did not influence EAE disease course, nor modulate the immune response in EAE. Conclusions: These findings suggest that blood cholesterol level has no direct role in neuro-inflammatory diseases and that the previously shown protective effects of statins in MS are not related to circulating cholesterol.

Pengaruh Pemberian Alpukat Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Darah Pada Mahasiswa/i Obesitas Di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas HKBP Nommensen Medan Tahun 2019

Background: Cholesterol is a fat that does not dissolve easily in the blood. Most of the cholesterol in the blood is attached to specific protein carriers in the plasma in the form of lipoprotein complexes, which are soluble in water. Lipoprotein which carries cholesterol throughout the body. namely LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) and HDL (High Density Lipoprotein). An increase in LDL in the body tends to form atherosclerosis. In contrast HDL cholesterol inhibits LDL oxidation so that atherosclerotic plaque formation does not occur. Obesity is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis with manifestations of coronary heart disease. Handling of obesity has been done by many researchers and implemented. One ingredient from nature that serves as an alternative ingredient to lower blood cholesterol levels is avocado. Objective: To determine the effect of avocado administration on total blood cholesterol levels in the obese college students at the Medical Faculty of Nommensen HKBP University in 2019. Methods :This research is a pre-experimental study with a pre-post test design in one group. The sample was selected by purposive sampling method and obtained 20 obese students. Subjects consumed avocado juice every day for 14 days. Total cholesterol levels were measured before (day 0) and after (day 14) treatment. Results: The mean total cholesterol level of the subject's blood on the pretest examination was 188.10 mg / dL and the posttest examination was 180.05 mg / dL. There was a decrease in the average total blood cholesterol level of 8.05 mg / dl. Paired T-test showed that there was a non-significant decrease in mean total blood cholesterol level with a value of p = 0.068 (p <0.05). Conclusion: In this study there was no effect of avocado administration on total blood cholesterol levels in obese students.

THEINCREASE OFBLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN WHITE RATS SUPPLEMENTED WITHCASSAVA YEAST

Tape yeast can be used as a source of genuine probiotics because tape yeast contain microbes such as molds, yeasts, and bacteria that are able to hydrolyze carbohydrates into glucose that are converted into alcohol. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving tape yeast for 21 days to the blood cholesterol levels of white rats(Rattus norvegicus). White rats were grouped into four treatments, namely P0: control; P1: under 100 mg/kg BW dose; P2: 200 mg/kg BW; and P3: 300 mg/kg BW of Tape yeast. The examination of blood cholesterol levels was tested by using EasyTouch GCU (Glucose, Cholesterol, and Uric Acid) with blue strips and chip tests. Blood samples were taken by cutting off tip of the tail and put the blood to the strip to see the results on the measuring device. The data obtained were analyzed by variancetest and data that were significantly different between treatments were continued with the Least Significance Different(LSD) test. The results of this study showed the average blood cholesterol level of treatment P1: 211.00 mg/dL, P2: 282.00 mg/dL and P3: 174.17 mg/dL higher than the control group P0: 149.67 mg/dL. Based on statistical tests were shown significantly different results on the treatment of P1 (100 mg/kg body weight), P2 (200 mg/kg body weight), and P3 (300 mg/kg body weight). Based on the result itcan be concluded the administration of tape yeast affects the blood cholesterol levels of white rats.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BIJI KETUMBAR (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.) TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI GINJAL TIKUS HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA DIABETES

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is metabolic disease characterized hyperglicemia caused by abnormalities of insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or both of them. Persistent hyperglicemia can trigger the production of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can cause glomerular hypertrophy. Coriander seed extract has the potential to overcome oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effect of coriander seed extract to kidney histopathological examination, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar level in hypercholestrolemia diabetic rats. Samples consist of 30 males wistar rats were divided into five treatments i.e: (K1) standard feed and aquades, (K2) high-fat feed, alloxan, and glibenclamid 0,045 mg/day, (K3) high-fat feed, alloxan, and coriander seed extract 300 mg/kgBW/day, (K4) high-fat feed, alloxan, and coriander seed extract 500mg/kgBW/day, (K5) high-fat feed, alloxan, and coriander seed extract 700mg/kgBW/day. Coriander seed extract was given for 28 days. The result of Wilcoxon test showed that coriander seed extract can reduce blood cholesterol level in diabetic hypercholesterolemia, meanwhile the result of paired T-test showed that it can reduce blood sugar level. Measurement of kidney’s histopathological structure as glomerular area was analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test (p=0,001) and continued with Mann-Whitney test. Group K4 can reduce glomerular area significantly compared with group K3 and K5. In conclussion, coriander seed extract can reduce blood cholesterol, blood sugar level and effectively reduce glomerular hypertrophy at dose of 500mg/kgBW/day. Keyword : Coriandrum sativum L.; coriander seed extract; glomerular hypertrophy; blood cholesterol level; blood glucose level ABSTRAK Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan suatu penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemi yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua-duanya. Hiperglikemi persisten dapat memicu produksi stres oksidatif. Stres oksidatif dapat menyebabkan terjadinya hipertrofi glomerulus. Ekstrak biji ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) berpotensi mengatasi stres oksidatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian esktrak biji ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) terhadap gambaran histopatologi ginjal, kadar kolesterol darah, dan kadar gula darah tikus model hiperkolesterolemia diabetes. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih jantan galur wistar, dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok dengan perlakuan berbeda yaitu: (K1) pakan standar dan aquades, (K2) pakan tinggi lemak, aloksan, dan glibenklamid 0,045mg/hari, (K3) pakan tinggi lemak, aloksan dan ekstrak biji ketumbar 300mg/kgBB/hari, K4) pakan tinggi lemak, aloksan dan ekstrak biji ketumbar 500mg/kgBB/hari, (K5) pakan tinggi lemak, aloksan, dan ekstrak biji ketumbar 700mg/kgBB/hari. Ekstrak biji ketumbar diberikan selama 28 hari. Hasil uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan ekstrak biji ketumbar dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah, sedangkan hasil uji T berpasangan menunjukkan ekstrak biji ketumbar dapat menurunkan kadar guka darah sewaktu pada tikus model hiperkolesterolemia diabetes. Histopatologi ginjal dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis didapatkan (p=0,001) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Pada kelompok K4 terdapat penurunan luas glomerulus yang signifikan dibanding kelompok K3 dan K5. Kesimpulannya, esktrak biji ketumbar dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah, kadar gula darah, dan pada dosis 500mg/kgBB/hari paling efektif untuk menurunkan hipertrofi gomerulus.

Hypercholesterolemia risk associated GPR146 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor that regulates blood cholesterol level in human and mouse

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with dyslipidemia. However, about 95% of of these variants are located in genome noncoding regions and cluster in different loci. The disease-causing variant for each locus and underline mechanism remain largely unknown. We systematically analyzed these noncoding variants and found that rs1997243 is the disease-causing variant in locus 7p22, which is strongly associated with hypercholesterolemia. The rs1997243 risk allele is associated with increased expression of GPR146 in human and targeted activation of the rs1997243 site specifically up regulates GPR146 expression in cultured cells. GPR146 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor that is located on plasma membrane and responses to stimulation of heat-inactivated serum. Disrupting gpr146 specifically in the liver decreases the blood cholesterol level and prevents high-fat or high-fat high-cholesterol diets induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Thus we uncovered a novel G-protein coupled receptor that regulates blood cholesterol level in both human and mouse. Our results also suggest that antagonizing GPR146 function will be an effective strategy to treat hypercholesterolemia.

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KONSUMSI DAN KADAR KOLESTEROL DARAH ANTARA PEROKOK DAN NON PEROKOK

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine which disturbs health. Nicotine is capable of reducing the taste of food, so there is appetite suppressant. The ability of nicotine in increasing blood liposuction process can affect the increase in blood cholesterol level. The research aims to study the difference between food intake and blood cholesterol level between smokers and non-smokers. This study was a comparative observational analytic study using cross-sectional design. The data of particular subjects and smoking habit were obtained from the questionnaire. The food intake was obtained by interview using 2x24 hours food recall form while the blood cholesterol level was obtained by blood sampling which was then analyzed using laboratory test. The subjects were 13 smokers and 13 non-smokers, taken by simple random sampling. The data were analyzed by Independent t-Test. The results have suggested that the difference in the average food intake and blood cholesterol level between smokers and non-smokers were not significant. The substantial average difference was found in the level of cholesterol intake, so the statistical test has showed a significant difference, p-value = 0.005 < α(0.05). Smoking has a harmful effect for health so people must decrease its consumption or stay abstinent from it. The longer human get exposed to cigarette, the more susceptible they get the illness from it.