Deposits of the Udokan-Chineysky ore-magmatic system of Eastern Siberia

The aggregate of ore deposits localized in the Udokan-Chineysky ore district is unique and is the result of multi–stage, polygenetic formation. The deposits of copper and other metals formed at various depths occur within a limited area. The oxide and sulfide ore are spatially associated in the sedimentary rocks pertaining to the Paleoproterozoic Udokan Supergroup and the intrusive mafic–ultramafic rocks of the Chineysky Complex. The granite rocks of the Kodar Complex and gabbro rocks of the Chineysky Complex also date back to Paleoproterozoic. The same age has been established for metasomatic Nb–Ta–Zr–REE–Y and U mineralization in the albitized terrigenous rocks of the Udokan Supergroup (Katugin deposit and Chitkanda prospect) and U–Pd prospects hosted in terrigenous rocks. The U–REE mineralization superposed on the titanomagnetite deposits in the Chineysky pluton has not analogues in the world’s practice. The occurrences of uranium mineralization have been noted in form of pitchblende and U–Th rims around chalcopyrite grains at the Unkur copper deposit hosted in sedimentary rocks. The enrichment in U and Pb has been documented in crosscutting quartz veinlets with bornite mineralization at the Udokan deposit.

REVIEW ON WASTE MATERIAL USAGE IN CEMENT CONCRETE MIX

Nature has blessed with natural resources like rocks / minerals, vegetation, air and water. These are about one crore eighty six lakhs living creatures existing in the world. Most of the living creatures are using their intellect and residing in the natures nest, where as human being is blessed with unique knowledge and wisdom which propelled to discover wheel, moving machineries and established good shelter with ultra architectural designs. Ancient man was living in huts further more constructed mud houses with the available clay / mud. Over a period of time man discovered calcium oxide to use in construction. In 1840s, a scientist by name William Aspdin has invented the manufacturing process of Portland cement production. Over a period of time, lot of advancements took place in producing different types of cement. During 1950’s fly ash was considered as a waste and used to land fill /dumps. Over a period of time man discovered compatible chemicals in fly ash and successful in mixing Ordinary Portland cement up to 30% which is called Pozzolana Portland cement. Several Researchers tried different waste materials to be used as a potential, concrete mix and have been successful in doing so. This paper deals in reviewing potential waste materials being used in cement concrete. Granite rocks are sliced to fine plates for the utility as flooring material. In the process of cutting and smothering the granite, fine dust of approximately 50µm is generated. Researchers discovered compatibility of granite saw dust in cement mix and were successful. Everyday hundreds and thousands of tones of plastic waste is generated. Researchers also tried to use plastic waste in civil construction and partially successful as plastic is organic in nature where as cement is inorganic in nature, nevertheless plastic waste is found as a potential mix in laying bitumen road. Limestone which consists of calcium atom and oxygen atom exists naturally in certain areas where as calcium oxide is also produced synthetically by cracking calcium carbonate at approximately 1000oC. Researchers have been successful in using calcium oxide, municipal waste in civil construction at different proportions. The optimal quality of final cement is governed by particle size and its distribution. Therefore adequate review is also done in terms of particle size, distribution and quality. The current objective of this review article is to give an insight about the sustainable technologies in cement using waste materials disposed in abundance.

Determination of Abrasiveness in Copper-Gold Sulfide Ores: A Contribution to the Geometallurgical Model of the Sossego Deposit

The geological context of this study is established in the iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposit of Sossego (Canaã dos Carajás, Brazil), where hydrothermal alterations in shear zones concentrated the metals of interest and added new characteristics to the metavolcanic-sedimentary and granite rocks. The mineral transformation of rocks by hypersaline fluids enriched in metals and silica also modifies some metallurgical properties, such as abrasiveness. Special bench tests on rock drill cores are used in mapping the abrasiveness of rocks, with the Bond abrasion test being more commonly used in the mining industry, but it has a restrictive sampling protocol and mass requirement for geometallurgical studies. As a counterpoint, the test of the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées/Central Laboratory of Bridges and Roads (LCPC) requires a smaller amount of fine material and a finer granulometric range. The study on the use of LCPC was implemented in 40 samples, using Bond Ai as a reference. The results showed a strong correlation between both methodologies (R2 = 95%), validating the use of LCPC to quantify abrasiveness in the Sossego mine. It was also possible to classify the most abrasive lithologies.

Influence of Mineral Composition in Natural Granite Rocks on Microhardness

Granites are becoming increasingly popular and, as a result, their areas of use are expanding. In addition to their colour and particle size, the surface roughness of the machined material is becoming an important aspect of their application. In order to create a suitable surface roughness, the type of rocks located on the surface, elemental composition and microhardness of the minerals are important, because knowledge of these characteristics can be used to determine the machining parameters. Microhardness is affected by the atomic percentage values of Si, Al and Na. In addition, for some minerals, a correlation can also be established between the Si, Al and Na components.

Identifikasi Batuan Granit Daerah Prospek Panas Bumi Nyelanding menggunakan Metode Magnetik

This study aimed to identify granite rocks around the Nyelanding geothermal area, especially in the geothermal manifestations. This research used the magnetic method to analyze the subsurface structure of the geothermal area. Correction of magnetic data was performed in Microsoft excel 2010 software and two-dimensional modeling was performed using Oasis Montaj 8.4. The results showed that there are three layers of rock under Nyelanding hot springs, namely granite with a susceptibility of 0.009 - 0.05 SI to a depth of 500 meters and a layer of sandstone - clay, as well as layers of clay, gravel and silt with a susceptibility of 0.00001 - 0, 00005 SI. In conclusion, the local geology of the Nyelanding hot spring area is dominated by the presence of granite to a depth of 500 meters. The results of forward modeling on layers A-A' and C-C' show the subsurface structure of Nyelanding hot springs in the form of a granite rock basin which is estimated to be able to accumulate geothermal energy. Key words: Nonvolcanic Geothermal, Magnetic Method, Granite Susceptibility, Forward Modeling