Regional Economic Growth and R&D Costs

Innovations can help Russia to achieve economic growth. However, the R&D sector that produces these innovations totally depends on funding. The article introduces an analysis of the trends in R&D funding in Russia. Regional funds for financial support of research, technical, and innovative activities seem to be an effective tool that will eventually contribute to the economic growth. The research objective was to identify the relationship between R&D funding and economic growth. A review of scientific publications revealed some theoretical aspects behind the effect of R&D costs on other indicators of economic growth. A cluster analysis made it possible to identify some regions where the relationship between R&D expenditures and indicators of economic growth are most pronounced. The study can help regional authorities to plan local budgets and achieve economic growth for their regions.

DIRECTIONS OF USE OF REGIONAL FUNDS FOR SUPPORT OF SCIENTIFIC, SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL AND INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES

The article analyzes the trends in R&D expenditures as an important condition affecting the increase in innovative activity. It is indicated that one of the factors that contributes to the growth of funding for research and development is the creation of regional funds for support of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, the budget of which is formed from deductions from the proceeds of companies. It is noted that their creation contributes to the centralization of monetary resources. The purpose of the study is to identify areas for the use of funds from regional funds to support scientific, scientific, technical and innovation activities. Based on the analysis carried out, the main areas were identified to which the financial resources of the funds could be directed and the volume of their use was determined.

Supporting research and innovation

At the third Research and Innovation Day, which took place in June 2021, Mariya Gabriel, EC Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth, stated: 'Our ambition is to build a renewed innovation policy that provides smart investments for scaling up companies, new forms of financial instruments and how to best exploit synergies between EU, national and regional funds.' Cross-border cooperation is key to overcoming challenges such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic and, as such, the recently released Communication on Global Approach for Research and Innovation document defines a global strategy for cooperation with other countries and entities. A key focus for Horizon Europe is on improving health, mobility, energy efficiency and food security, as well as tackling climate change and preserving cultural heritage. The programme encompasses diverse instruments for covering a range of projects, an extended duration and an increased budget. In order to be as impactful as possible, Horizon Europe collaborates with other European programmes and Gabriel believes that public-private cooperation is another tool that can be used to maximise the impact of the programme. For example, she said that collaborating with industry is key to overcoming technological challenges such as the development of clean Hydrogen or High Performance Computing. The development of a flexible and collaborative innovation ecosystem that involves the input of diverse stakeholders is a key part of Horizon Europe's strategy. A key word here is synergy and this includes synergies at all levels, between policies, programmes and instruments.

Expenditure Obligations of the Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation in the Social Field in the Budget Structure

To financially support the functions of the state, it is necessary to legally allocate from the budget the funds that form expenditure obligations of a particular public-law entity. Structuring of all expenditure obligations, including obligations in the field of social policy, takes place due to the corresponding register. It is concluded that the register of expense obligations of the regional budget includes certain information about the obligations associated with the social policy financing: a) information about the powers of the region in the field of social policy; b) information on regulatory legal acts, agreements establishing the region’s expenditure obligations in the field of social policy that are subject to execution at the expense of regional funds, etc. It is determined that the registry of expence obligation for the constituent entity of the Russian Federation is formed according to the same rules as the rules applied to form the registry of expence obligations at the federal level, but taking into account the specifics of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The significance of the study is that it allows, from a scientific point of view, to comprehend the problems of regulating the expenditure obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the social area.

Austria

This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the compulsory health insurance system in Austria. It traces the development of the Austrian healthcare system, characterized by its corporatist and federalist structures. Since the early 1990s, there has been a trend towards increased centralization of health planning, and, at several junctures, a departure from consensus politics to unilateral adoption of cost-containment measures, and the re-structuring of the health insurance system through a merger of the regional funds (despite a challenge in the Constitutional Court). Other healthcare issues have been long-term care, employment conditions of caregivers, and the quality of primary care.

PRINSIP OTONOMI DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH PASCA BERLAKUNYA PERATURAN PRESIDEN NOMOR 33 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG STANDAR HARGA SATUAN REGIONAL

Indonesia has implemented the principle of regional autonomy as widely as possible, which has been regulated normatively through the formation of applicable laws and regulations, namely Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 33 of 2004 concerning Regional Autonomy. In more depth, what is meant by autonomy is that in the context of the implementation of regional government in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution, regional governments regulate and manage government affairs themselves according to the principles of autonomy and co-administration, including in the area of regional financial management. This emerges the latest regulation where there are problems when regional funds and village funds in each region vary greatly in the management of regional financial budgets, as has been issued through Presidential Regulation No. 33/2020 concerning Regional Unit Price Standards. Even so, the regions must make an activity or the effectiveness of regional administration run well in line with regional activities and optimal utilization of regional funds. Of course, this is very interesting when it is assessed that the management of regional finances after the enactment of the Presidential Regulation is a consideration to be able to make the best and most efficient use of regional budget sources. This study uses a normative research approach, because several things are studied in theory, norms, written norms and are a rather conceptual nature of a study. Based on the results of the research, the researcher can find Article 18 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which states that “Provincial, district, and city governments regulate and manage government affairs themselves according to the principles of autonomy and assistance tasks. Each region according to its regional character has different priorities from one region to another in the welfare of the community. The approach taken in the Regional Government Law is an asymmetrical approach, in the sense that the broadest possible autonomy provides different directions from one another according to the needs and characteristics of each region.Keywords: governments; regulated; the principle of regional autonomyAbstrakIndonesia sudah menerapkan prinsip otonomi daerah yang seluas-luasnya, di mana telah diatur secara normatif melalui pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, yakni Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 tentang Otonomi Daerah. Secara lebih mendalam otonomi yang dimaksud adalah dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah sesuai amanat UUD 1945, pemerintah daerah mengatur dan mengurus sendiri urusan pemerintahan menurut asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan, termasuk juga dalam hal pengelolaan keuangan daerah. Hal ini muncul peraturan yang terbaru di mana ada problematika ketika dana daerah dan dana desa di masing-masing daerah itu sangatlah berbeda-beda dalam pengelolaan anggaran keuangan daerah, sebagaimana telah dikeluarkan melalui Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2020 tentang Standar Harga Satuan Regional. Meskipun demikian daerah harus membuat suatu kegiatan atau efektifitas penyelenggaraan daerah berjalan dengan baik seiring dengan kegiatan daerah dan pemanfaatan dana daerah yang optimal. Tentunya ini sangat menarik ketika dinilai pengeloaan keuangan daerah pasca berlakunya Peraturan Presiden tersebut menjadi pertimbangan untuk bisa memanfaatkan sumber anggaran daerah dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seefisien mungkin. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian normatif, dikarenakan beberapa hal dikaji secara teori, kaidah-kaidah, norma-norma yang secara tertulis dan merupakan sifat daripada konseptual dalam suatu penelitian. Berangkat dari hasil penelitian, maka peneliti bisa temukan Pasal 18 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 disebutkan bahwa “Pemerintahan daerah provinsi, daerah kabupaten, dan kota mengatur dan mengurus sendiri urusan pemerintahan menurut asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan. Setiap daerah sesuai karakter daerahnya mempunyai prioritas yang berbeda antara daerah satu dan daerah lainnya dalam menyejahterakan masyarakat. Pendekatan yang diambil dalam Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah adalah pendekatan yang bersifat asimetris, dalam artian bahwa otonomi seluas-luasnya memberikan arahan yang berbeda antara satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan karakteristik daerah masing-masing.

NATIONAL AND REGIONAL STATUS AND TRENDS IN LAND RECLAMATION

The article provides information on the state and trends in land reclamation at the federal and regional (Samara region) levels, the availability of irrigated lands. Among developing countries with the largest sown areas in Russia and in its regions, over the years of reforms, there has been a significant reduction and lag in increasing the area of irrigated land, a significant part of which remains in an unsatisfactory state. The authors consider the 2014 state regional program to stimulate this sphere as well as the subprogram for the development of land reclamation adopted in 2018 and for the period up to 2025 within the framework of the state regional program for supporting agriculture. Since 2019, a regional component of the federal project "Export of agricultural products" has been operating in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which provides for the implementation of measures in the field of reclamation of agricultural lands. Shown is the effectiveness of the implementation of the state program and subprogram, which contributed to the increase in the area of reclaimed land, the involvement of retired agricultural land in the turnover. The applied measures of state support are unstable. In the system of regional development of land reclamation, the main financial sources are extra-budgetary funds. Budget allocations are made up of regional funds, the size of which is decreasing, and the growing role of the federal budget in the framework of the activities of the regional component of the federal project "Export of agricultural products".

Analysis of The Leading Sector of North Penajam Paser Regency 2015 – 2019

The Central Government has designated North Penajam Paser Regency as one of the new capital areas. The aim of the Government to move the capital city from Java Island is for equitable development and economic growth. The existence of limited regional funds requires local governments to arrange the priority of economic sectors which have to be developed in their regions. Mistakes in selecting priority sectors will cause waste of funds and underdevelopment of the regional economy. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the leading sectors of North Penajam Paser Regency. This research uses Location Quotient and Shift Share analysis methods with Gross Regional Domestic Product for 2015 to 2019. The results showed that the construction and real estate sectors were the leading sectors.

Fishing Tourism as an Opportunity for Sustainable Rural Development—The Case of Galicia, Spain

The functional diversification of coastal fishing communities has been a central objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) since the early stages of its implementation. A large part of the initiatives financed throughout Europe have been linked to the creation of synergies between the fishing sector and tourism. This paper analyses the opportunities for the development of fishing tourism at the regional level, considering the investments of European and regional funds on the development of fishing tourism in Galicia. Special attention is given to the incorporation of the territorial perspective and Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) for the sustainable development of fishing areas. The results show limitations of this form of tourism in terms of employment and income, especially those developed by fishermen, despite the significant support of the regional government for this activity. This situation allows a critical reflection on the opportunity to convert fishermen into tourist guides, based on the need to diversify the economy and income of fishing communities.