Epistemic Disadvantage

Recent philosophical literature on epistemic harms has paid little attention to the difference between deliberate and non-deliberate harms. In this paper, I analyze the “Curare Case,” a case from the 1940’s in which patient testimony was disregarded by physicians. This case has been described as an instance of epistemic injustice. I problematize this description, arguing instead that the case shows an instance of “epistemic disadvantage.” I propose epistemic disadvantage indicates when harms result from warranted asymmetric relations that justifiably exclude individuals from hermeneutical participation. Epistemic disadvantage categorizes harms that result from justifiable exclusions, are non-deliberate, and result from poor epistemic environments. This analysis brings out a meaningful difference between accidental and deliberate harms in communicative exchanges.

Comparing Japanese and US Language Spaces: A Case Study

Language spaces worldwide have much in common. However, we believe that there is a meaningful difference between spaces that are considered “language centers” in the US (USLCs) and “self-access language centers” (SALCs) in Japan. These differences provide an opportunity for practitioners and scholars involved in language spaces to learn from each other. In the current article, we investigated the Global Commons at Kyoto Sangyo University for the characteristics of both USLCs and SALCs by collecting information about it from publicly available sources and from interviews with staff. We show that it can be considered an administrative SALC (Mynard, 2019) and show how it fulfills some of the USLC mandates (Lavolette, 2018) but not others. We discuss the implications of these characterizations, including how the Global Commons could be more useful to its stakeholders. Based on this case study, scholars of both SALCs and LCs can gain new ideas for services and roles that will benefit their stakeholders and facilitate change.

Evaluation of density variations to determine impact on sterile compounding

Purpose To determine the density variation between (1) the measured density and manually calculated density, (2) density variation of different lots, and (3) density variation of different drug manufacturers in order to support institutions using gravimetric compounding methods. Summary Seventeen sterile injectable ingredient (drug) vials frequently used to make compounded sterile products (CSPs) were identified based on the ability to ensure that for each drug there were vials produced by 2 different manufacturers and 2 lots produced by the same manufacturer. Each drug’s density was measured using a density meter and by manual calculation using the institution’s density formula. Density differences were compared between the 2 different methods. Overall, the average drug density difference between the measured versus calculated density was determined to be 0.022. Further analysis revealed the average difference between the different lot numbers of the same manufacturers was 0.005 for the nonhazardous drugs and 0.0001 for the hazardous drugs. The average difference between the different manufacturers of the same drug was determined to be 0.008 for the nonhazardous drugs and 0.001 for hazardous drugs. Conclusion No clinically meaningful difference exists when manually calculating a drug’s density compared to measuring a drug’s density using a density meter. In addition, there does not appear to be a sizeable density variation between the same drugs in separate lots or produced by different manufacturers.

THE EFFECT OF BINJAI (Mangifera caesia) LEAVES EXTRACT GEL TO FIBROBLAST CELL NUMBER ON INCISION WOUND

Background: The ethanol extract of binjai leaves contains bioactive compounds that are saponin, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid, alkaloid and flavonoid which potentially as an anti-inflammation, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant. It can fasten and control the process of scar healing. The binjai leaves extract was made into gel preparation. The binjai leaves extract gel can affect fibroblast cell number during the proliferation phase. Purpose: To analyze the effect of binjai (Mangifera caesia) leaves extract gel to the fibroblast cell number on male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) incision wound. Methods: This research design was a true laboratory experimental research with post-test only with control group design which used 24 male wistar rats and divided into 4 groups: the negative control group that was given the placebo gel and the treatment group that was given the binjai leaves extract gel with 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations. Results: The result of Two-way ANOVA statistic test shows that there is a meaningful difference in the treatment group on the 7th day (p=0,000) and on the 14th day (p=0,000). The Post-Hoc Bonferroni test for fibroblast cell number on the 7th and 14th day shows that there is a meaningful difference (p<0,05) between the negative control group and the treatment group. Conclusion: Binjai leaves extract gel have an effect to the fibroblast cell number on male wistar rats incision wound with the most effective concentration of 15%. Keywords: Binjai leaves extract gel, Fibroblast cell number, Flavonoid, Incision wound healing

Investigate the situation using information technology in elementary physical education teachers

Now day’s education is very important & more changes cause more attention to the training. These days training is the one of human body’s unavoidable needs. Training & increasing skills is a good way to encounter with the problems of today’s complex & changeable world. Education & especially training that train the new generation is the former need of a civilized society. The purpose of this research was Investigate the situation using information technology in elementary PE teachers of Babol city. The research type was descriptive, applicative and natural dispositional that was done by the field way. Statistical society included all the male & female employed elementary school’s PE teachers of Babol city. Statistical sample included 85 teachers that answered the questionnaire. The measuring tools were the Kalateahani (2009) (α=0.79). The used statistical way included the t-test & Pierson correlation coefficient. The research’s founding’s showed the teacher’s attitude about the IT was positive & there is a meaning relation among the skill, quantity of useag of them. About the use of IT & also there is not a meaningful difference among teacher’s attitudes about the use of IT in research & education task & quantity of need to education of them in difference sexuality & there is a meaningful difference among the skill & quantity of use of IT in research & education tasks in different education degrees.

Daily and Non-daily Smokers: A Profile of Drive and Cognitive Control Mechanisms

Historically, smokers were considered a single homogeneous group, but over the past two decades research has increasingly focused on differentiating daily and non-daily smokers. Despite fundamentally different smoking habits and motives, daily and non-daily smokers have similar cessation rates. In order to understand why both groups may experience a similar difficulty quitting smoking, this thesis explored neurocognitive mechanisms associated with addictive behaviour. In order to profile these mechanisms, a systematic review was conducted, highlighting there was a gap to address in two areas of research relating to drive and control. Study One (N = 60) and Study Two (N = 166) investigated attentional bias towards smoking cues using the visual probe task, finding there was no meaningful difference between daily and non-daily smokers in trait-level attentional bias. Study Three (N = 28) measured ERP components associated with inhibitory control (Go/NoGo task) and error processing (Eriksen Flanker task). There were no significant effects of interest, but the sample size was smaller than planned. This thesis made three contributions to the study of addictive behaviour. First, the systematic review highlighted that research investigating lighter and heavier smokers has a problematic level of heterogeneity in the definitions used to define the groups. Second, there was no meaningful difference in attentional bias between daily and non-daily smokers, supporting contemporary theories that attentional bias may be best conceptualised as a state-level construct. Finally, internal consistency estimates of the ERP measures of inhibitory control and error processing supported previous research reporting good psychometric properties. Overall, this thesis presented a focused profile of measures relating to drive and control neurocognitive mechanisms, but there were no meaningful differences between daily and non-daily smokers. If these mechanisms are important to addictive behaviour, future research will have to investigate their role using alternative designs.

OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTATION DECREASE A BLOOD CHOLESTROL LEVEL IN TRAINED WOMEN

Background : Trained woean who experiencing menstrual disoders are found with high blood cholesterol level. This situation is contrary to who don’t experience menstrual disorder. Mentrual disorder condition has a low estrogen level. The low estrogen level is associated with endothelial disfunction which causes blood cholesterol increase. The benefit of omega 3 supplementation have been clinically proven to prevent atherosclerosis, decrease blood cholesterol levels, and playong an important role in modulating inflamation. Omega 3 supplementation is expected to decrease blood cholesterol levels in trained women. Method: This research is using field experimental with case control method. The samples are 30 trained womens contained by 15 are controlled and 15 are given treatment. The sampling technique is randomized allocation. The independent variabel is omega 3 300mg supplementation and the dependent variabel is blood cholesterol levels. Data are analized using parametric statistic paired T-test. Result: The bivariate analysis showed there is a meaningful difference on blood cholesterol levels in the treatment group p=0,0027 and no change in control group p=0,191 during treatment for 8 weeks. Conclusion: Omega 3 supplementation decrease a blood cholesterol levels in trained women.

Ketersediaan Handrub Meningkatkan Kebiasaan Cuci Tangan Ibu Rumah Tangga

Diarrheal disease is a problem of public health that is still occurring in Indonesia, especially in children because of morbidity and mortality is still very high. Hand washing is one of the prevention factors of diarrhoea disease but the habit of hand washing habits is still low. Pontianak City is in the first position of 14 districts/cities for diarrhea cases that are handled according to gender in West Kalimantan province. Pontianak City Health Office report year 2015 diarrhea pain figure of 22.24 per 1000 inhabitants. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of handrub on the habit of washing housewives in the work area Alianyang Pontianak City. The result showed that there is a significant increase in housewives hand washing behaviors that support 44.4% increase to 55.6% in experimental groups with (p value = 0.000). Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that the use of handrub is effective against the behavior of housewives' hand washing because there is a meaningful difference between before and after using handrub.

Evaluation of mortality in ICU-hospitalized COVID-19 patients by using REMS, APACHE-II, CCI, and SOFA

Introduction: Our study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of four scoring models in predicting mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The models used in this regard were: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II), and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA).Materials and Methods: A single-centre and retrospective analysis was carried out by considering definitive or probable COVID-19 patients hospitalized our hospital’s ICU unit. Patients who were admitted to our hospital’s ED between 11.03.2020 – 31.12.2020, and transferred directly to ICU from the ED due to being diagnosed with COVID-19 were included in our study. 411 patients above 18 years old were found appropriate for the study.Results: Among the patients, the mean age was 69 and 61.6% were male. Laboratory values such as creatinine, potassium(K), white blood cells(WBC), hematocrit(HTC), pH, and physiological findings such as mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, FiO2 were found statistically significant (p<0.05). Besides, comorbidities were observed in 368(89.5%) patients, and malignancy and dementia were statistically associated with death (p<0.001 and 0.019, respectively). All four of the scoring systems (REMS, CCI, APACHE-II, and SOFA) were statistically an indicator of in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). However, when ROC analysis was used to compare the discriminatory power of the scoring systems, no meaningful difference was detected (p>0.05).Conclusion: We investigated that REMS, CCI, APACHE-II, and SOFA were effective in determining the in-hospital mortality of critically ill COVID-19 patients; however, no remarkable superiority existed between each other. These models may be guiding for ED physicians in terms of risk classification.

What Limits College Success? A Review and Further Analysis of Holzer and Baum’s Making College Work

Harry J. Holzer and Sandy Baum’s recent book, Making College Work: Pathways to Success for Disadvantaged Students, provides an excellent up-to-date review of higher education. My review first summarizes its key themes: (i) who gains from college and why, (ii) mismatch and the need for more structure, (iii) problems with remediation, (iv) financial barriers, and (v) the promise of comprehensive support. I then critique the book’s proposed solutions using some of my own qualitative and quantitative data. Some recommendations are worth considering, while others are too expensive or unlikely to make a meaningful difference without addressing the underlying lack of preparedness and motivation of college students. I argue that making mandatory some existing services, such as application assistance and advice, proactive tutoring and advising, and greater career transition support, has the most immediate potential. (JEL I22, I23, I24)