“Sometimes You Get Good Ones, and Sometimes You Get Not-so-Good Ones”: Vendors’ and Consumers’ Strategies to Identify and Mitigate Food Safety Risks in Urban Nigeria

This paper uses detailed data from in-depth interviews with consumers (n = 47) and vendors (n = 37) in three traditional markets in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. We used observations from those markets to examine how consumers and vendors identify and avoid or manage food safety risks and whom they hold responsible and trust when it comes to ensuring food safety. At the level of the vendor, consumers mentioned seeking “clean” or “neat” vendors or stalls. Cleanliness was primarily related to the appearance of the vendor, stall, and surroundings; reliance on trusted, known vendors was also noted. Food products themselves were largely evaluated based on visual cues: insects, holes, and colors—with some reliance on smell, also. Similarly, vendors assessed safety of food from suppliers based on a visual assessment or reliance on trusted relationships. On the second research question, both consumers and vendors largely placed responsibility for ensuring food safety on government; when asked specifically, consumers also named specific steps that vendors could take to ensure food safety. Consumers and vendors also generally felt that they could limit many food safety risks through identifying the “good” products in the market or from suppliers. The paper discusses the implications of these results for behavior change interventions.

Exchange Rate Pass-Through, Monetary Policy, and Real Exchange Rates: Iceland and the 2008 Crisis

We use detailed data for Iceland to examine two often-neglected aspects of the exchange rate pass-through problem. First, we investigate whether the pass-through coefficient varies with the degree of international tradability of goods. Second, we analyze if the pass-through coefficient depends on the monetary policy framework. We consider 12 disaggregated price indexes in Iceland for 2003–2019, a period that includes Iceland’s banking and currency crisis of 2008. We find that the pass-through declined around the time Iceland reformed its flexible inflation targeting, and that the coefficients are significantly higher for tradable than for nontradables.

Religious and museum tourism to Museum of the Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice

The research was aimed at identifying changes in tourist traffic – religious tourism and museum tourism to the Museum of the Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice in 1996–2019. The museum was opened in 1984 in the house where Karol Wojtyła, Pope John Paul II, was born in 1920. The thorough reconstruction between 2010 and 2014 resulted in the establishment of a museum with a modern multimedia narrative exhibition. In recent years, the museum has been visited by more than 200 thousand tourists a year, including 40 thousand foreigners from more than 100 countries worldwide. During the years 1996–2019 the number of international tourists rose more than twice. The greatest boom in the visits to the museum was noted in 2005 and was associated with the disease, death, funeral, and increasing worship of Pope John Paul II. Following decreased interest in visits to the museum during the period of 2010–2014, which was due to the museum renovation, a revival and increase in visits to the museum was observed again. Changes that were observed in the museum during the last twenty-five years were identified, among other things, thanks to field research involving observations and interviews with museum curators and staff. Analyses of tourist visits to the museum were based on detailed data provided by the museum managers. In the elaboration of the collected research results descriptive-analytical, dynamic-comparative and cartographic methods were used.

Implementasi Penguatan Pendidikan karakter melalui budaya sekolah di SD negeri 26 Dompu dan MI As –Salam Dompu

Based on the results of research conducted in two schools, namely SD Negeri 30 Dompu and MI AS- Salam Dompu related to "Implementation of Character Education Values ​​Through School Culture at SD Negeri 26 Dompu and MI As - Salam Dompu". The aim of this research is to describe character education plans through school culture at SD Negeri 26 Dompu and MI As - Salam Dompu. Research methodology The research used a descriptive qualitative approach. This type of research is a multi-case study (multicase studies) is a study that seeks to take in-depth and detailed data from sources. Interview data collection techniques, observation and documentation. Problems that occur in the field, this research focuses on three main character values, namely religious, nationalist and independent. The three character values ​​were chosen because these character values ​​are still not visible in the ongoing educational process. For the explanation above, it is very important to implement character education in schools as an effort to make students aware of the importance of complying with applicable rules and having a commitment to continue implementing good values ​​in their lives.

[Transiting species, phenologies and their trends]

[In order to contribute to the knowledge of the spatio-temporal progression of post-nuptial migration of birds across the Italian Alps, we present in detail the results of the analysis carried out for 69 species (4 non-Passeriformes; 65 Passeriformes) of the 191 ringed within the Progetto Alpi. Data were collected in 40 ringing stations located in different habitats and at different altitudes (mountain passes, slopes and valley floors) and active in the post-breeding migratory period (1 August - 30 November). Among these, those (n=15) with continuous activity (at least one month) and known sampling effort (daily capture effort described as product of net area in square meters by operating time in hours) were selected. Data from the 6 stations that operated continuously over the years (2001-2017) and with standardised capture effort were used for trend analyses. Species covered refer to those with more than 100 birds ringed within the first eight hours after sunrise (excluding local retraps). Species accounts contain detailed data from datasets from all stations participating in the Alps Project (1997-2017)]. [Article in Italian]

Reliability and Effectiveness of Sprinkler Systems in Poland

The article presents research on the reliability and effectiveness of sprinkler systems in selected countries around the world as well as results of similar studies conducted in Poland based on the data of the State Fire Service. First discussed are the specifics of analysed data and the problems regarding its acquisition and presentation in a simplified form without proper reflection and the assessment of its specificity, quality, detail, uncertainty and completeness. The next step presents the methodology of detailed data analysis based on full description of fire events and the segregation of fire events into separate subcategories. Such an analysis allowed the presumption that in the five-year period 2013–2017, in 94.4% of relevant fire events sprinkler systems in Poland have demonstrated the achievement of their intended goals. This result is similar to the results achieved in other countries known for high level of fire safety culture (USA, UK, Sweden). In the author’s opinion, this proves the high immanent reliability of these systems, which results from their simple construction and proper maintenance, and not from the country in which they were installed. Taking into account these results, it is recommended that Poland should update its regulations in a manner similar to that of developed countries, so that they take into account in a greater extent the protective value and characteristics of sprinkler systems and the benefits resulting from their application. It is also recommended to increase the detail of publicly collected data on fire protection systems in buildings because better knowledge about the characteristics of these systems in Poland may allow achieving an even higher level of their reliability and effectiveness.

Estimation of the Lethality Rate, Recovery Rate, and Case Fatality Ratio of Classical Swine Fever in Japanese Wild Boar: An Analysis of the Epidemics From September 2018 to March 2019

Understanding the morbidity and lethality of diseases is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasure against the epidemics (e.g., vaccination). To estimate them, detailed data on host population dynamics are required; however, estimating the population size for wildlife is often difficult. We aimed to elucidate the morbidity and lethality of classical swine fever (CSF) currently highly prevalent in the wild boar population in Japan. To this end, we estimated lethality rate, recovery rate, and case fatality ratio (CFR) of CSF without detailed data on the population estimates of wild boar. A mathematical model was constructed to describe the CSF dynamics and population dynamics of wild boar. We fitted the model to the (i) results of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the CSFV gene and the (ii) results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for the antibody against CSFV in sampled wild boar. In the 280 wild boar sampled from September 2018 to March 2019 in the major CSF-affected area in Japan, the lethality rate and recovery rate of CSF per week were estimated as 0.165 (95% confidence interval: 0.081–0.250) and 0.004 (0–0.009), respectively. While the estimate of lethality rate of CSF was similar with the estimates in previous studies, the recovery rate was lower than those reported previously. CFR was estimated as 0.959 (0.904–0.981) using our estimate of recovery rate. This study is the first to estimate lethality rate of CSF from the dynamics of CSF epidemics in the wild boar population. Since the value of CFR is sensitive to the value of recovery rate, the accuracy in the estimate of recovery rate is a key for the accurate estimation of CFR. A long-term transmission experiment of moderately virulent strains may lead to more accurate estimation of the recovery rate and CFR of CSF.

Using data about classroom practices to stimulate significant conversations and aid reflection

This study explored the way in which detailed data about how time is spent on classroom activities, generated by the FILL+ tool (Framework for Interactive Learning in Lectures), can stimulate professional conversations about teaching practices and aid reflection for STEMM lecturers. The lecturers felt that personalised data provided an unbiased view of the lecture, overcoming the difficultly of relying on their memory alone. They indicated that this approach would help them to reflect on their teaching, particularly when the data was surprising, and many felt that it would encourage them to make changes to their teaching practice.

Methods of Calculating the Marginal Cost of Incarceration: A Scoping Review

Criminal justice reforms and corrections cost forecasts require appropriate estimates of the marginal costs of incarceration to adequately assess cost savings and projections. Average costs are simple to calculate while marginal cost calculations require much more detailed data and advanced methods. We undertook a scoping review to identify, report, and summarize the existing academic and gray literature covering the different estimation methods of calculating the marginal costs of incarceration, following the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Eighteen publications met criteria for inclusion in this review, with only one from the peer-reviewed literature. The three main approaches in the literature and their use are reviewed and illustrated. We conclude that there is a lack of, and need for, peer-reviewed literature on methods for calculating the marginal cost of incarceration, and marginal cost estimates of incarceration, to assist program evaluation, policy, and cost forecasting in the field of corrections.

On the S-25 anti-aircraft missile system. Part 1

The paper introduces and analyzes the results of research into the development of anti-aircraft missile systems through the example of the first Russian anti-aircraft missile system S-25. The study describes the capabilities of the anti-aircraft missile system as the implementation of the requirements specifications in the context of the development of military aviation technology and electronic warfare means and emphasizes the importance of cooperation between enterprises — developers of guided missile weapons. Although the latter issue is poorly covered in the Russian scientific, technical, and educational literature, it is an important problem in organizing the development of missile systems. The paper is the first to provide detailed data on the content and timing of the stages of modernization of the S-25 system, and also presents graphic material that clearly demonstrates the change in the capabilities of the S-25 system due to an intensive change in the characteristics of military aircraft.