The waste paper Management in Educational Institute and Improvement in Quality of Hand Made Papers

This manuscript investigates the waste paper management (WPM) of an educational Institute and aware the people about the importance of waste paper management and recycling of waste papers by multidimensional approach. The research assessed two multi long term plans, considering all recycling settings feasible for educational scenario. To complete that purpose, support for the collection of waste papers, final disposal and environmental and financial impact assessment concerning transportation is required. Results suggest that the quality of handmade papers is improved by doping some external materials in cellulose of waste papers. In this manuscript, flour of wheat is mixed in waste paper cellulose. The analysis of handmade paper is done by a photometric test. It is found that at some percentages of doping of flour in waste paper pulp, the reflection properties of the paper is increased and surface of paper become smooth and hard. At some other percentages of doping, the papers are shown absorption properties.

Nanobiocatalysts and photocatalyst in dye degradation

In the modern era, the world today is in a mission for a new method of environmental bioremediation in faltering the damage, especially in polluted water. Recently, the global direction is regulated toward an alteration from the usual chemical-based methods to a supplementary ecofriendly green alternative. In this perspective, biocatalysts are appreciated as an economical and clean substitute which was meant to catalyze degradation of unmanageable chemicals in a rapid, green and ecologically stable manner. Among the various sources of water pollution, the textile manufacturing industries were thought to be a major dispute due to release of effluents in natural water bodies such as rivers. Other industries like paper, pulp and tannery pharmaceutical industries were also responsible in contaminating the water bodies. Photocatalysis was considered as an auspicious method for the removal of dyes from the natural bodies, specifically those with hard organic compounds; using enzymes. The present chapter briefly emphasizes on the effective methods used for degradation of dye effluents; their importance of photocatalytic and biocatalytic solution to the current environmental difficulties and future opportunities are discussed.

Organosolv Fractionation of Birch Sawdust: Establishing a Lignin-First Biorefinery

The use of residual biomass for bioconversions makes it possible to decrease the output of fossil-based chemicals and pursue a greener economy. While the use of lignocellulosic material as sustainable feedstock has been tried at pilot scale, industrial production is not yet economically feasible, requiring further technology and feedstock optimization. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of replacing woodchips with residual sawdust in biorefinery applications. Woodchips can be used in value-added processes such as paper pulp production, whereas sawdust is currently used mainly for combustion. The main advantages of sawdust are its large supply and a particle size sufficiently small for the pretreatment process. Whereas, the main challenge is the higher complexity of the lignocellulosic biomass, as it can contain small amounts of bark and cambium. Here, we studied the fractionation of birch sawdust by organosolv pretreatment at two different temperatures and for two different durations. We evaluated the efficiency of fractionation into the three main fractions: lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The cellulose content in pretreated biomass was as high as 69.2%, which was nearly double the amount in untreated biomass. The obtained lignin was of high purity, with a maximum 4.5% of contaminating sugars. Subsequent evaluation of the susceptibility of pretreated solids to enzymatic saccharification revealed glucose yields ranging from 75% to 90% after 48 h but reaching 100.0% under the best conditions. In summary, birch sawdust can be successfully utilized as a feedstock for organosolv fractionation and replace woodchips to simplify and lower the costs of biorefinery processes.

Bleaching microcrystalline cellulose using hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and ozone

AaltoCell™ based microcrystalline cellulose was bleached using hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and ozone. The target brightness was set at 85% ISO brightness of the sheet (93% Y-brightness), which is white enough for the traditional use of microcrystalline cellulose. Both the paper pulp and dissolving pulp can be hydrolyzed using the AaltoCell™ process. Using paper pulp as a raw material, the brightness of the final microcrystalline cellulose decreased. The higher the temperature and retention time during the hydrolysis process, the greater the brightness loss. This effect can be explained by the so-called caramelization reaction. Due to this phenomenon, the microcrystalline cellulose should be bleached before using the product in food and pharmaceutical applications. The results showed that the target brightness was reached with ozone at doses of approximately 5 kg/ton with a reaction time of a few minutes; peroxide and peracetic acid required approximately twice the dose and a reaction time of at least 30 min. The concentrations of the chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon in the pulp filtrate fraction varied with the bleaching chemicals used, with both values being low with ozone and the highest with peracetic acid.