Short communication: Variations in leaf morphological characters of Shorea leprosula in progeny trial stand of a logging concession in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Indonesia has the highest distribution of Dipterocarpaceae members, and Shorea leprosula is one of the species that has a natural hybrid in its habitat. Furthermore, the members have intermediate morphological character with the neighboring species, Shorea curtisii. This study aimed to investigate the morphological variations of Shorea leprosula Miq. Progeny trial in PT Sari Bumi Kusuma. The morphological level of 72 Shorea leprosula in PT Sari Bumi Kusuma was identified through sampling. Furthermore, macroscopic and microscopic observations were conducted, and the measurement data were analyzed using cluster and principal component analyses to explain the morphological variable contribution. The results showed leaf architecture variations in laminar shape, apex shape, base shape, and midrib thickness category. The cluster analyses classified the samples into four cluster groups and they consist of a notophyll leaf size category with a rounded base. Meanwhile, the second group consists of an ellipse laminar shape with medium midrib thickness, and the third has an oblong laminar with an obtuse apex shape. The fourth group has a notophyll leaf size category with an obtuse base. The principal component analysis showed that the base shape has the highest contribution to diversity in the samples.

Distribution and association pattern of pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) in Batang Lubu Sutam District, Padang Lawas, North Sumatra

Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) is a medicinal plant with various benefits and has long been used to cure various diseases such as cancer, gingivitis, intestinal worms, and anti-inflammatory anti-malarial, and tonic after childbirth. The root has high economic value leading to unsustainable harvest and drastic population decline. As initial data in conservation activities, information regarding the association of pasak bumi in Batang Lubu Sutam natural forest has not been obtained. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the pasak bumi distribution and its association within their natural habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam forest. The study was conducted by using the vegetation analysis method using a plotted path determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed by calculating association indices, including the Ochiai index (Oi), Dice index (Di), and Jackard index (Ji). The results showed that pasak bumi were found in the seedling and sapling stage in the research location and form a degree of association with several plants. The species that formed the highest degree of association with the pasak bumi at both levels of regeneration was Shorea leprosula with an Ochiai index value of 0.85 at the seedling level and 0.94 at the sapling level.

Identification of Shorea species based on leaf morphological character with multivariate analysis

Shorea is one of the largest genera of the Dipterocarpaceae family that dominates Indonesian forests. This genus has an essential role in meeting the supply of wood, both at home and abroad. There are 194 species of shorea in the tropics. However, there is a high degree of similarity between one species and another, making it difficult to identify it. This study aims to estimate the variation of leaf morphology among 6 species of shorea at PT. Reki using multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis is a statistical technique for analyzing data with a large number of variables. PCA (Principal component analysis), Biplot, and Manova were the three species of multivariate analysis used in this study. The results of PCA analysis showed that the variables of leaf elongation (PR), lamina length (PL) and leaf width to the base of the leaf (LP) had a strong relationship so that they could be used as a differentiator for the 6 shorea species. Biplot analysis showed that Shorea parvifolia, Shorea acuminata and Shorea leprosula had high similarities. It is also indicated by the leaves of the three species, which are more round in shape. The results of the Manova analysis showed a significant value <0.005, which means that all the variables tested have differences from one another. Shorea acuminata and Shorea leprosula have high similarity, and it is also indicated by the leaves of the three species, which are more round in shape.

The effect of slope aspect on growth attributes of Shorea leprosula Miq. in a rehabilitated hilly landscape

Shorea leprosula Miq. is one of Indonesia’s native red meranti species with a higher growth increment than other meranti species. Gunung Dahu Research Forest is a rehabilitated hilly landscape planted with various species of Dipterocarpaceae. This study aims to analyze the growth performance of 24 years old of S. leprosula stands in various slope classes of line planting technique at Gunung Dahu Research Forest. Growth analysis of S. leprosula was carried out by measuring the stem diameter, total tree height, basal area, diameter increment, height increment, and Leaf Area Index (LAI). Slopes were divided into three classes: mild/gentle (15-25%), steep (>25-45%) and very steep (>45%). The results showed that slope class significantly affected height growth and the canopy cover of S. leprosula, but it did not affect the diameter growth. A very steep slope provided the best growth to diameter (average diameter 30.07 cm; MAI 1.25 cm/year) and height (average height 23.7 m; MAI 0.99 m year−1). Furthermore, a linear relationship was formed between the crown cover and slope class in which denser crowns were established in response to a steeper slope (LAI 3.4). Thus, planting S. leprosula as a rehabilitation effort in steep slope landscape delivers beneficial as they showed better growth performance.

The genome of Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) highlights the ecological relevance of drought in aseasonal tropical rainforests

Hyperdiverse tropical rainforests, such as the aseasonal forests in Southeast Asia, are supported by high annual rainfall. Its canopy is dominated by the species-rich tree family of Dipterocarpaceae (Asian dipterocarps), which has both ecological (e.g., supports flora and fauna) and economical (e.g., timber production) importance. Recent ecological studies suggested that rare irregular drought events may be an environmental stress and signal for the tropical trees. We assembled the genome of a widespread but near threatened dipterocarp, Shorea leprosula, and analyzed the transcriptome sequences of ten dipterocarp species representing seven genera. Comparative genomic and molecular dating analyses suggested a whole-genome duplication close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event followed by the diversification of major dipterocarp lineages (i.e. Dipterocarpoideae). Interestingly, the retained duplicated genes were enriched for genes upregulated by no-irrigation treatment. These findings provide molecular support for the relevance of drought for tropical trees despite the lack of an annual dry season.

The growth Shorea leprosula Miq. on various slopes and directions of slopes in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor

Shorea leprosula Miq is a Dipterocarps forest plantation that has the prospect of being developed because it is a fast-growing species with high economic value. Given its commercial importance, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of slope class and slope direction on growth. Data were collected using the census method on S.leprosula stands with a spacing of 2m x 2m and 4m x 8m. The direction of the slope is determined based on the configuration of the slope according to the cardinal directions, while the slope of the land is determined based on the classification of the slope class of the land. The results showed that the slope class, slope direction, and the interaction between factors had a significant effect on the growth of S.leprosula. The interaction between the slope class and the direction of the slope produces the highest average annual increment of diameter in the flat slope class with the direction of the slope facing north, which is 1.79 m / year while the highest annual increment of the total average height is in the very steep slope class with to the slope facing to the north at 0.82 m / year.

Beberapa Sifat Mekanis Kayu Jenis Meranti Merah (Shorea leprosula Miq) yang Berasal dari Hutan Bekas Terbakar

Kurangnya informasi mengenai perubahan sifat kayu dari pohon bekas kebakaran hutan juga merupakan pertimbangan khusus yang menyebabkan belum dimanfaatkannya kayu bekas kebakaran hutan. Konsumen dalam hal ini perusahaan pengolahan kayu masih berpendapat bahwa kayu dari hutan bekas kebakaran sifat kayunya akan musnah atau berkurang. Dalam penelitian ini akan diteliti sifat-sifat mekanika kayu setelah terjadi kebakaran hutan, dimana akibat kebakaran hutan semua pohon terbakar tetapi ada yang bisa hidup dan ada juga yang langsung mati. Agar permasalahan tidak terlalu meluas, maka disini diperiksa pengaruhnya hanya pada jenis Meranti Merah (Shorea leprosula). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Ketangguhan kayu Meranti Merah (Shorea Leprosula Miq) tidak berubah secara signifikan akibat kebakaran hutan, 2. Kekuatan lentur dan ketahanan patah kayu Meranti Merah (Shorea Leprosula Miq) nilainya berkurang secara signifikan akibat kebakaran hutan yang terjadi 3. Hal tersebut di atas terjadi karena mati dan keringnya beberapa sel penyusun kayu akibat pengaruh panas, sehingga kayu cenderung bersifat keras.

Calorific Value of Leaves of Selected Dipterocarp Trees Species in Piah Forest Reserve, Perak

Information on calorific value is very important factor in fuel evaluation. The objective of the study was to investigate the calorific values of the leaves of five (5) selected trees species of dipterocarp in Piah Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. The species are Hopea sp., Shorea parvifolia, Shorea leprosula, Shorea macroptera and Dipterocarpus sp. The calorific values were determined using the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter. The difference of calorific value between the five species were also examined. It was found that, the mean calorific value for the dipterocarp species were within the range of 4041.28 Cal g-1 to 4820.78 Cal g-1. The leaves of the Shorea macroptera contain higher calorific value compared to other four species. The findings will be useful in the preparation of forest fire management plan, and also in the development of bioenergy project of wood-based biomass from forest species.

EVALUASI PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN UJI KETURUNAN MERANTI MERAH (Shorea leprosula) UMUR 12 TAHUN DI AREAL IUPHHK-HA PT. ERNA DJULIAWATI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

Red meranti (Shorea leprosula) is one of the superior plants in the application of intensive silviculture (SILIN). As a superior plant, PT. Erna Djuliawati has conducted a progeny test for S. leprosula in the IUPHHK-HA area in Central Kalimantan. The aim of this research was to determine the superior seedlot and genetic growth variation of the S. leprosula in the progeny test plot. The object studied was the 30 seedlots of S. leprosula plants in progeny test plot consists divided into 8 blocks, where each seedlot was 4 plants. The data collected consisted of diameter (cm), tree height (m) and percentage of tree life. The results showed that in the progeny test trial plot there were 5 seedlots with superior growth. The results of the analysis of variance on diameter, height and percentage showed a significant difference between the tested seedlots to the properties measured. High heritability values followed by wide genetic diversity indicate that the appearance of these characters is more determined by genetic factors. The value of moderate diameter genetic progress (8.6%) indicates that the diameter character is supported by genetic factors, so that it can facilitate the progress of selection.Keywords : Progeny test, Shorea leprosula, superior dan genetic variation. AbstrakMeranti merah (Shorea leprosula) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman unggulan dalam penerapan Silvikultur Intensif (SILIN). Sebagai tanaman unggulan, PT. Erna Djuliawati telah melakukan uji keturuan S. leprosula dalam areal IUPHHK-HA di Kalimantan Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ingin menentukan seedlot yang unggul dan variasi pertumbuhan genetik tanaman uji keturunan S. leprosula dalam plot uji keturunan. Objek yang diteliti adalah tanaman meranti merah dalam plot uji keturunan sebanyak 30 seedlot yang terbagi dalam 8 blok, dimana setiap seedlot sebanyak 4 tanaman. Data yang dikumpulkan terdiri dari diameter (cm), tinggi pohon (m) dan pesentase hidup pohon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam plot uji coba keturunan terdapat 5 seedlot yang unggul pertumbuhannya. Hasil analisis keragaman (varians) terhadap diameter, tinggi dan persentase menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata di antara seedlot yang diuji terhadap sifat yang diukur. Nilai heritabilitas yang tinggi diikuti dengan keragaman genetik yang luas menunjukkan penampilan karakter tersebut lebih ditentukan oleh faktor genetik. Nilai kemajuan genetik diameter sedang (8,6 %) mengindikasikan karakter diameter tersebut didukung oleh faktor genetik, sehingga dapat memfasilitasi kemajuan seleksi.Kata kunci : Uji Keturunan, S. leprosula, unggul, dan variasi genetik.