plant defense response
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2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Zhang ◽  
Wanqi Shen ◽  
Dongmei Zhang ◽  
Xingyi Shen ◽  
Fan Wang ◽  
...  

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the primary causal agents in peach gummosis disease, leading to enormous losses in peach production. In our previous study, a redox-related gene, LtAP1, from the fungus was significantly upregulated in peach shoots throughout infection. Here, we characterized LtAP1, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, during peach gummosis progression using the CRISPR-Cas9 system and homologous recombination. The results showed that LtAP1-deletion mutant had slower vegetative growth and increased sensitivity to several oxidative and nitrosative stress agents. LtAP1 was highly induced by exogenous oxidants treatment in the L. theobromae wild-type strain. In a pathogenicity test, the deletion mutant showed decreased virulence (reduced size of necrotic lesions, less gum release, and decreased pathogen biomass) on infected peach shoots compared to the wild-type strain. The mutant showed severely reduced transcription levels of genes related to glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in L. theobroame under oxidative stress or during infection, indicating an attenuated capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. When shoots were treated with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, the pathogenicity of the mutant was partially restored. Moreover, ROS production and plant defense response were strongly activated in peach shoots infected by the mutant. These results highlight the crucial role of LtAP1 in the oxidative stress response, and further that it acts as an important virulence factor through modulating the fungal ROS-detoxification system and the plant defense response.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorah Abdulaziz Othman Alkubaisi ◽  
Nagwa Mohammed Amin Aref

In our application of AuNPs on the leaf surface, we were pushing the Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) source and Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into the plant cell system up on the events of systemic plant defense response. In the infected host cell, the viral coat protein is the first obvious in the cytoplasm. When nanoparticles are applied on leaf surfaces, a large surface area relative to their volume happens. AuNPs solutions are more active and dispersed ooplasm. The correlation between Zeta potential value and Zeta sizer is inverse proportion. Filaments are visible in the nucleopores, the nuclear outline is distorted, and massive clumping of heterochromatin begins as declared. It was mostly found in or around regions of ribosome-associated filaments. Our present study combines TEM and nucleus content in the presence of AuNPS to explore the level of repair mechanism illustrating in TEM micrographs, showing Polyploidy nucleus and segregated chromatin. Multi membranous structure, imaging the AuNPs inside and around the nucleus and Pseudo crystal array is enveloped in an endoplasmic reticulum cisterna (ER).


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Daisuke Mori ◽  
Ayane Moriyama ◽  
Hiroshi Kanamaru ◽  
Yoshinao Aoki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Masumura ◽  
...  

Concern over environmental pollution generated by chemical fungicides has led to the introduction of alternative pest management strategies to chemical fungicide application. One of those strategies is the induction of plant defense response by an abiotic elicitor. In the present study, field-grown grapevines were subjected to electrical stimulation using a solar panel from two weeks before flowering to harvest in the 2016 and 2020 growing seasons. In both years, electrical stimulation decreased the incidence of gray mold and/or ripe rot on bunches and downy mildew on leaves of the field-grown grapevine. Transcription of a gene encoding β-1,3-glucanase but not class IV chitinase in leaves of potted grapevine seedlings was upregulated 20 days after electrical stimulation, suggesting that electrical stimulation acts as an abiotic elicitor of plant defense response to fungal diseases. The gene expression of PR1 but not PDF1.2 was upregulated in Arabidopsis plants subjected to electrical stimulation. On the other hand, PR1 gene expression was not induced in salicylic acid (SA)-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant npr1-5 subjected to electrical stimulation. Taken together, electrical stimulation is responsible for plant defense response through the SA-dependent defense pathway. These findings would help us develop a novel and innovative practical technique that uses electrical stimulation in integrated pest management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3986
Author(s):  
Xue Wang ◽  
Qiumin Chen ◽  
Jingnan Huang ◽  
Xiangnan Meng ◽  
Na Cui ◽  
...  

Cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea is a leaf disease that seriously affects cucumber’s yield and quality. This study aimed to report two nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRR) genes CsRSF1 and CsRSF2, which participated in regulating the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea. The subcellular localization showed that the CsRSF1 protein was localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, while the CsRSF2 protein was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. In addition, the transcript levels of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 were different between resistant and susceptible cultivars after treatment with exogenous substances, such as abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), ethephon (ETH), gibberellin (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The expression analysis showed that the transcript levels of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 were correlated with plant defense response against S. fuliginea. Moreover, the silencing of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 impaired host resistance to S. fuliginea, but CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 overexpression improved resistance to S. fuliginea in cucumber. These results showed that CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 genes positively contributed to the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea. At the same time, CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 genes could also regulate the expression of defense-related genes. The findings of this study might help enhance the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2887
Author(s):  
Raffaella Balestrini ◽  
Cecilia Brunetti ◽  
Maria Cammareri ◽  
Sofia Caretto ◽  
Valeria Cavallaro ◽  
...  

Plant specialized metabolites (SMs) play an important role in the interaction with the environment and are part of the plant defense response. These natural products are volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds produced from common building blocks deriving from primary metabolic pathways and rapidly evolved to allow a better adaptation of plants to environmental cues. Specialized metabolites include terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, resins, etc. that can be used as phytochemicals, food additives, flavoring agents and pharmaceutical compounds. This review will be focused on Mediterranean crop plants as a source of SMs, with a special attention on the strategies that can be used to modulate their production, including abiotic stresses, interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms and novel genetic approaches.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Virginia Borrelli ◽  
Alessandra Lanubile ◽  
Adriano Marocco

Author(s):  
Prajna Priyadarshini Das ◽  
Sumi Rana ◽  
Mehanathan Muthamilarasan ◽  
Monica Kannan ◽  
Irfan Ahmad Ghazi

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