multiple injection
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Talanta ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 122945
Author(s):  
Maria Patrícia do Nascimento ◽  
Rafael Marques ◽  
Mathias Prado Pereira ◽  
Rafaela de Souza Martins ◽  
Fernanda Irene Bombonato ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Ulrik H. U. Holm ◽  
Christian H. S. Andersen ◽  
Christian K. Hansen ◽  
Katrine Tanggaard ◽  
Jens Børglum ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Prashant Unnikrishnan Nair

In real-world water injection applications, an in-line injection facilitates a pressure differential that boosts the current flow. A pressure differential created by the injection of a pressurized flow into the mainline of flow is derived from the momentum transfer equation. Heat loss is disregarded, and such empirical equations provide a ballpark value to these pressure differentials during the injection. In industrial applications, injection of the fluid is done on the surface, due to weld and other constraints where losses due to friction and eddy current formation are imminent. On the other hand, penetration injection provides a far more augmented pressure differential that has a polynomial impact based on the mainline flow rate and the injection flow rate. This paper aims to derive an accurate representation of the pressure differential values obtained from a penetration injection through experimentation and compare it against a surface injection or empirical calculation. The paper concludes by indicating that the penetration injection augments the pressure differential with a new empirical formula for the derived pressure differential as a polynomial equation for this apparatus and can be extended across different sizes of the mainline and injection line diameters. This work provides a precise formula that can be used to derive pressure differential and estimate the flow and pressure rates. The formula also provides a platform for further utility in the fracturing operations where fracture flow from the well upstream presents multiple injection fractures to the mainline through fracture pores.


Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 887
Author(s):  
Jörg Wissel ◽  
Alexandre Camões-Barbosa ◽  
Georg Comes ◽  
Michael Althaus ◽  
Astrid Scheschonka ◽  
...  

Some studies have shown that incobotulinumtoxinA reduces spasticity-associated pain, but further evidence is needed. This exploratory analysis pooled pain-relief data from six Phase 2 or 3 studies of incobotulinumtoxinA (four placebo-controlled studies) for treating upper limb spasticity in adults. Spasticity-associated pain was assessed at baseline and 4 weeks post incobotulinumtoxinA injection using the disability assessment scale (DAS) for pain. Only data for patients with pain at baseline were analysed. Overall, 544 (incobotulinumtoxinA, N = 415; placebo, N = 129) of 937 patients (58.1%) experienced pain at baseline. At Week 4, a significantly greater proportion of incobotulinumtoxinA- (52.1%) than placebo-treated patients (28.7%; Chi-square p < 0.0001) showed a response (≥1-point improvement in DAS pain score). In logistic regression analysis, incobotulinumtoxinA-treated patients were 2.6 times more likely to achieve this endpoint than placebo-treated patients. A significant difference between incobotulinumtoxinA and placebo was observed regardless of baseline pain severity. Additionally, 27.1% of incobotulinumtoxinA- versus 12.4% of placebo-treated patients reported complete pain relief at Week 4 (p = 0.0006). Pain relief increased with multiple injection cycles. To achieve patient-centred care, pain relief may be considered a treatment goal in adults with spasticity-associated pain regardless of pain severity. This study contributes to understanding the benefits of incobotulinumtoxinA in treating limb spasticity-associated pain.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3522
Author(s):  
Terry M. Norton ◽  
Tonya Clauss ◽  
Rachel Overmeyer ◽  
Stephanie Stowell ◽  
Michelle Kaylor ◽  
...  

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple injections of meloxicam (MLX) administered subcutaneously (SQ) in Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtles. Based on results from a previously published single-injection study, a multiple-injection regimen was derived for the Kemp’s ridleys, which consisted of administering MLX at a dose of 1 mg/kg SQ every 12 h for 5 days, and for green turtles at a dose of 1 mg/kg SQ every 48 h for three treatments. Six turtles of each species were used for the study, and blood samples were taken at multiple time intervals. The terminal half-life after the last dose for the Kemp’s ridley sea turtles was calculated at 7.18 h, and for the green sea turtles at 23.71 h. Throughout the multiple injections, MLX concentrations remained above 0.57 µg/mL, a concentration targeted in humans for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. No negative side effects or changes to blood parameters evaluated were observed during the study in either species. The results of this study suggest MLX should be administered SQ to Kemp’s ridley sea turtles at a dosage of 1 mg/kg every 12 h and in green sea turtles at a dose of 1 mg/kg every 48 h. The novelty of this work is that it is a multiple-injection study. Multiple injections were administered and produced concentrations that were considered therapeutic in humans, and the turtles did not have any adverse side effects. Furthermore, there were large differences in the pharmacokinetic values between green and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles.


Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 305 ◽  
pp. 121372
Author(s):  
Deivanayagam Hariharan ◽  
Sundar Rajan Krishnan ◽  
Kalyan Kumar Srinivasan ◽  
Aamir Sohail

Author(s):  
Xiyu Yang ◽  
Quan Dong ◽  
Jingdong Song ◽  
Tanqing Zhou

Abstract As a state-of-the-art injection technology, high-pressure common rail injection system (HPCRIS) has advantages including high injection pressure, adjustable injection timing and flexible injection rate. Nevertheless, the fluctuation of cyclic fuel injection mass (CFIM) in HPCRIS with multiple-injection strategy (MIS) reduces the economy of diesel engine and the stability of vibration and noise control. To realize the precise control of CFIM, the online perception of injection process is the premise. This paper presents an innovative online measurement method of injection rate on MIS. According to the evolution characteristics of water hammer pressure oscillation in the fuel system, the rule is found that the oscillation form of the water hammer is depended on the structure of HPCRIS rather than the injection condition, and the general applicability of this rule is proved by the hydraulic-electric analog method. Base on this, the real-time simulation method of the pilot water hammer oscillation wave in the same field is proposed to realize the extraction of the expansion pressure signal components of the main injection. Then the direct mathematical relationship between pressure signal and fuel injection rate is established, and the online measurement of fuel injection characteristics under MIS is realized. To improve the robustness of the algorithm a real-time calibration method of fuel sound velocity is proposed. Finally, by comparing with the offline experiment, this online measurement method of injection rate has relatively high accuracy, the CFIM error is less than 2%, and the fitting goodness of the injection rate curve exceeded 0.91. This measurement method can provide direct feedback to the electronic control unit (ECU) on the fuel injection process without changing the HPCRIS structure.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6821
Author(s):  
Ju-Hwan Seol ◽  
Van Chien Pham ◽  
Won-Ju Lee

This paper presents research on the effects of the multiple injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of a two-stroke heavy-duty marine engine at full load. The ANSYS FLUENT simulation software was used to conduct three-dimensional simulations of the combustion process and emission formations inside the engine cylinder in both single- and double-injection modes to analyze the in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and emission characteristics. The simulation results were then compared and showed good agreement with the measured values reported in the engine’s sea-trial technical reports. The simulation results showed reductions in the in-cylinder pressure and temperature peaks by 6.42% and 12.76%, while NO and soot emissions were reduced up to 24.16% and 68%, respectively, in the double-injection mode in comparison with the single-injection mode. However, the double-injection strategy increased the CO2 emission (7.58%) and ISFOC (23.55%) compared to the single-injection. These are negative effects of the double-injection strategy on the engine that the operators need to take into consideration. The results were in line with the literature reviews and would be good material for operators who want to reduce the engine exhaust gas emission in order to meet the stricter IMO emission regulations.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivekanand Veeramani ◽  
Muthu Shanmugam Ramakrishnan ◽  
ASHISH PATIL ◽  
Kishan Agarwal ◽  
Ramanathan Karthi

Cartilage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 194760352110258
Author(s):  
Kevin L. Ong ◽  
Jack Farr ◽  
Andrew S. Gudeman ◽  
Iain R. Murray ◽  
Louis F. McIntyre ◽  
...  

Objective: Case reports of severe acute localized reactions (SALR) following intraarticular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA) injections for knee osteoarthritis (OA) have been described. We compared surrogate SALR measures between patients using hylan G-F 20 and specific non-hylan G-F 20 HA products. Design: Knee OA patients were identified from the Optum Clinformatics dataset (January 2006 to June 2016), stratified into hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 HA users, matched by single or multiple injection products. Occurrences of surrogate SALR measures including inflammation/infection, intraarticular corticosteroid (CS) injections, arthrocentesis/aspiration, arthrotomy/incision and drainage, and arthroscopy were evaluated within 3 days post-HA. Results: Based on 694,404 HA injections, inflammation/infection rate was rare within 3 days of HA (up to 0.03%), with no statistical differences between hylan G-F 20 and non-hylan G-F 20 groups (matched by single or multiple injection products). The risk of knee arthrotomy/incision and drainage, arthroscopy, or arthrocentesis for hylan G-F 20 (2 mL) 3 weekly injection patients was lower than Hyalgan/Supartz and Orthovisc patients, but greater than Euflexxa patients. Overall, we found that Hylan G-F 20 (2 mL) 3 weekly injection had lower SALR rates compared to Hyalgan/Supartz and Orthovisc. However, Hylan G-F 20 (2 mL) 3 weekly injection had slightly higher rates of SALR when compared to Euflexxa. Among the single injection products, Hylan G-F 20 (6 mL) single injection had lower rates of SALR than Monovisc and Gel-One. Conclusions: This study shows no clear correlation between avian-derived or cross-linked products and SALR and provides evidence against avian-derived products or crosslinking as a source for these reactions.


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