millimeter wave
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2022 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 107793
Author(s):  
Yajie Shang ◽  
Zhejun Feng ◽  
Changqing Cao ◽  
Ziqiang Huang ◽  
Zengyan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2022 ◽  
Vol 505 ◽  
pp. 127480
Author(s):  
Junting Shi ◽  
Yiran Wei ◽  
Kaihui Wang ◽  
Miao Kong ◽  
Wen Zhou ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodion Kononchuk ◽  
Suwun Suwunnarat ◽  
Martin S. Hilario ◽  
Anthony E. Baros ◽  
Brad W. Hoff ◽  
...  

Wide-aperture free-space limiter with enhanced damage threshold provides protection from high-power millimeter-wave radiation.


Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Gianmarco Romano

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) communication systems and the use of millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) bands represent key technologies that are expected to meet the growing demand of data traffic and the explosion of the number of devices that need to communicate over 5G/6G wireless networks [...]


Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Juan Andrés Vásquez-Peralvo ◽  
Adrián Tamayo-Domínguez ◽  
Gerardo Pérez-Palomino ◽  
José Manuel Fernández-González ◽  
Thomas Wong

The use of additive manufacturing and different metallization techniques for prototyping radio frequency components such as antennas and waveguides are rising owing to their high precision and low costs. Over time, additive manufacturing has improved so that its utilization is accepted in satellite payloads and military applications. However, there is no record of the frequency response in the millimeter-wave band for inductive 3D frequency selective structures implemented by different metallization techniques. For this reason, three different prototypes of dielectric 3D frequency selective structures working in the millimeter-wave band are designed, simulated, and manufactured using VAT photopolymerization. These prototypes are subsequently metallized using metallic paint atomization and electroplating. The manufactured prototypes have been carefully selected, considering their design complexity, starting with the simplest, the square aperture, the medium complexity, the woodpile structure, and the most complex, the torus structure. Then, each structure is measured before and after the metallization process using a measurement bench. The metallization used for the measurement is nickel spray flowed by the copper electroplating. For the electroplating, a detailed table showing the total area to be metallized and the current applied is also provided. Finally, the effectiveness of both metallization techniques is compared with the simulations performed using CST Microwave Studio. Results indicate that a shifted and reduced band-pass is obtained in some structures. On the other hand, for very complex structures, as in the torus case, band-pass with lower loss is obtained using copper electroplating, thus allowing the manufacturing of inductive 3D frequency selective structures in the millimeter-wave band at a low cost.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Kumar Sheemar ◽  
Dirk Slock

This paper presents two novel hybrid beamforming (HYBF) designs for a multi-cell massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) millimeter wave (mmWave) full duplex (FD) system under limited dynamic range (LDR). Firstly, we present a novel centralized HYBF (C-HYBF) scheme based on alternating optimization. In general, the complexity of C-HYBF schemes scales quadratically as a function of the number of users and cells, which may limit their scalability. Moreover, they require significant communication overhead to transfer complete channel state information (CSI) to the central node every channel coherence time for optimization. The central node also requires very high computational power to jointly optimize many variables for the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) users in FD systems. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a very low-complexity and scalable cooperative per-link parallel and distributed (P$\&$D)-HYBF scheme. It allows each mmWave FD base station (BS) to update the beamformers for its users in a distributed fashion and independently in parallel on different computational processors. The complexity of P$\&$D-HYBF scales only linearly as the network size grows, making it desirable for the next generation of large and dense mmWave FD networks. Simulation results show that both designs significantly outperform the fully digital half duplex (HD) system with only a few radio-frequency (RF) chains and achieve similar performance. <br>


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Ali H. Alqahtani ◽  
Yosef T. Aladadi ◽  
Mohammed T. Alresheedi

This paper proposes a dielectric slabs-based lens for millimeter-wave beamforming systems. The proposed lens is based on the graded steps of the effective refractive index of the semi-spherical lens. It consists of multiple dielectric slabs that match the selected gradient effective refractive index. These slabs have the same thicknesses and different radii. The slab thickness in this lens should not exceed a quarter of the operating wavelength to keep on a similar effective refractive index of the original semi-spherical lens. A horn antenna is used to examine the performance of the designed lens at 28 GHz frequency in terms of the maximum gain, sidelobe level, and 3 dB beamwidth. Sixteen switchable horn antennas are used to demonstrate lens capability for millimeter-wave beamforming. Every single antenna element is selected individually, thus the dielectric lens steers and enhances the corresponding radiation of the selected element in the desired direction.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Guo ◽  
Wen-Jie Liu ◽  
Yimin Huang ◽  
YueHui sun ◽  
Romain Zinsou ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
David Anguiano Sanjurjo ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.


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