Spatial disparities and associated factors of Under-five diarrhea disease in Ilubabor Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Diarrhea is commonly a sign of an infection in the intestinal tract that is caused by different bacteria, virus and parasitic entities. It is one of the leading causes of child mortality worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa countries including Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to identify spatial disparities and associated factors of under- five diarrhea disease in Ilubabor zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. The study has been conducted in Ilu Aba Bor zone of entire districts and the data is basically both primary and secondary which were obtained from each woreda health office of Ilu Aba Bor zone and corresponding mother or care givers of sampled child. Spatial disparities of under-five diarrhea were identified using global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation. Geo-additive regression model was used to identify the spatial disparities and associated factors of under-five diarrheal disease. The value of global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation shows that under-five diarrheal disease varies according to geographical location and shows significant positive spatial autocorrelation. The results of Geo-additive regression model showed that statistically significant relationship between under-five diarrhea disease and independent variables .There is evidence of significant under-five diarrheal disease clustering in Ilu Aba Bor zone, southwest Ethiopia. Model based data analysis showed that there is significant relationship between Under-five diarrhea and covariates (mother’s age, mother’s education, source of drinking water, quality of toilet facility, DPT 3 vaccination, Polio 3 vaccination and household wealth index.).

Coinfection with PEDV and BVDV Induces Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathway Highly Enriched in PK-15 Cells

Background: From the 1078 diarrhea stools tested in our survey from 2017 to 2020 in local area of China, PEDV was the key pathogen which was closely related to the death of diarrhea piglets. Besides, co-infection of PEDV-positive samples with BVDV reached 17.24%. Although BVDV infection in swine is typically subclinical, the effect of PEDV and BVDV coinfection on disease severity and the potential molecular mechanism of coinfection with these two viruses remain unknown.Methods: In this study, we developed a model of coinfection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in PK15 cells, and a tandem mass tag (TMT) combined with LC–MS/MS proteomic approach was used to identify differential protein expression profiles. Additionally, we take the drug experiments to explore the inflammatory response induced by PEDV or BVDV mono- or coinfection.Results: A total of 1094, 1538, and 1482 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified upon PEDV monoinfection, BVDV monoinfection and PEDV/BVDV coinfection, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that PEDV and BVDV coinfection leaded to a highly significantly enrichment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathway. In addition, the NF-κB signaling pathway was more intensively activated by PEDV and BVDV coinfection, which induced higher production of inflammatory cytokines, than PEDV or BVDV monoinfection.Conclusions: Our study indicated that cattle pathogens might play synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of porcine diarrhea disease, which might also improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of multiple infections in diarrhea disease.

SEROTYPES, TOXINS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF Escherichia coli (E.COLI) STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEIC RABBITS IN PHU VANG, THUA THIEN HUE

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of E. coli in rabbits, their biochemical and serological characteristics, common virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance. The diarrhea rabbit feces were collected from households and rabbit farms in Phu Vang - Thua Thien Hue with a total of 250 samples for testing. The results showed that rabbits age from 31 to 45 days old had the highest incidence of diarrhea disease caused by E.coli (92.0%) and the lowest infection rate was observed in rabbits over 60 days old with an infection rate of 30%. Further, the isolated E.coli strains tested biochemical characteristics showed 100% motile, positive for indole and methyl red, fermenting glucose and lactose. Simultaneously these strains were detected belong to 7 serotypes O103, O157, O158, O169, O44, O125, O153 and susceptible to cefuroxime (95.45%), akamicin (86.37%), streptomycin (81.82%), amoxicillin (81.82%), tetracycline (68.18%), colistin (68.18%), ampicillin (63.63%), gentamycin (59.10%) and levofloxacin (50.0%), whilst resistant to doxycycline (100%), sulfamethoxazole-bactrim (95.46%), and neomycin (86.37%). By using PCR assay for detection of virulence genes of the isolated E. coli strains, there were 7 strains carried virulence genes, of which 4/7 E. coli strains carried eaeA and tsh genes (57.14%), 2/7 strains carried stx2 gene (28.57%); 1/7 E. coli strains carried stx1 gene (14.28%) and the F4, F5 and F6 genes were not found in all serotypes in this study.

miR-129a-3p Inhibits PEDV Replication by Targeting the EDA-Mediated NF-κB Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells

Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to many viral infections. However, the molecular mechanism of how miRNAs regulate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection remains unclear. In this study, we first constructed a PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cytopathic model to validate the relationship between miR-129a-3p expression levels and PEDV resistance. Secondly, we explored the effect of miR-129a-3p on PEDV infection by targeting the 3′UTR region of the ligand ectodysplasin (EDA) gene. Finally, transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the downstream regulatory mechanism of EDA. The results showed that after 48 h of PEDV infection, IPEC-J2 cells showed obvious pathological changes, and miR-129a-3p expression was significantly downregulated (p < 0.01). Overexpression of miR-129a-3p mimics inhibited PEDV replication in IPEC-J2 cells; silencing endogenous miR-129a-3p can promote viral replication. A dual luciferase assay showed that miR-129a-3p could bind to the 3′UTR region of the EDA gene, which significantly reduced the expression level of EDA (p < 0.01). Functional verification showed that upregulation of EDA gene expression significantly promoted PEDV replication in IPEC-J2 cells. Overexpression of miR-129a-3p can activate the caspase activation and recruitment domain 11 (CARD11) mediated NF-κB pathway, thus inhibiting PEDV replication. The above results suggest that miR-129a-3p inhibits PEDV replication in IPEC-J2 cells by activating the NF-κB pathway by binding to the EDA 3′UTR region. Our results have laid the foundation for in-depth study of the mechanism of miR-129a-3p resistance and its application in porcine epidemic diarrhea disease-resistance breeding.

The Broad Range of Coronaviruses Co-existing in Chiropteran: Implications for One Health

Bats are a group of mammals that harbor the most significant number of coronaviruses. The aim of present review article was to analyze the broad spectrum of the coronavirus coexisting in Chiropterans hosts. Bats have certain types of cell receptors that allow them to be the potential hosts of a large number of viruses without the presence of any clinical manifestations, and to be a source of contagion infections for other animals and human species. Emphasis can be placed on five coronaviruses, such as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Disease, Severe Acute Diarrhea Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2, which have had significant impacts causing epidemic outbreaks in different parts of the world, and generating implications for both human and animal health. In conclusion, recent research indicated the importance of bats as potential hosts of multiple coroaviruses leading to some zoonotic diseases.

FACTORS WATER CHARACTERISTIC AS PREDICTING DIARRHEA UNDER 5 YEARS

Risk Factors diarrhea deaths associated to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation. Water supply is very important to decrease of diarrhea disease. Living around canal is a one of risk diarrhea incident. Improved water sanitation, water facilities, and hygiene water decrease of diarrhea disease. Study aims to know dominant factor related water sanitation which is more appropriate than diarrhea in volcano area disaster. Study design used cross sectional community-based survey. Population and sample size were required 1142 household. Data collected such as sufficient of water source, water colored, smelly water, taste water, water cooked, distance of absorption. Data were analyzed performed using SPSS. Data analysis performed a descriptive analysis, statistic test with chi square and logistic regression with confidence interval 95%. Study that sufficient of water 97.2%, no water colored 98.4%, no smelly water (95.3%), no taste water 95.4%, water cooked 98.2%, distance of absorption 11 meter 78%. Risk factor for diarrhea such as taste water OR = 7.3 (3.7-14.4), smelly water OR = 6.9 (3.5-13.6) and distance of absorption OR = 3.4 (2.0-5.7). Factor highest contribution for diarrhea is distance absorption (Exp β = 1.70 CI; 1.701-4.906). Distance absorption 11 meters is main factor contributing for diarrhea. Factor dominant contribution for diarrhea is distance of absorption 11 meter.

RT-qPCR assay for detection of mink astrovirus in outbreaks of diarrhea on Danish mink farms

Diarrhea in mink kits is a major cause of disease and mortality in the mink production. The etiology remains unknown in most outbreaks due to a lack of diagnostic assays. In the current study we present an RT-qPCR method to detect mink astrovirus in fecal samples from mink kits with diarrhea. All sampled animals were classified based on age and patoanatomical evaluation as having pre-weaning diarrhea, diarrhea in the growth period or as having no macroscopic signs of diarrhea. Fecal samples were analyzed for MiAstV with RT-qPCR, next generation sequencing and electron microscopy in parallel. Mink astrovirus was detected with RT-qPCR in 92 out of 203 samples. This detection was confirmed by next generation sequencing in a high proportion of samples (22/27), and by visualization of astrovirus particles with EM in some of the samples. Mink astrovirus was highly prevalent (68%) among kits in the outbreaks of pre-weaning diarrhea, in particular outbreaks from May, while less prevalent in outbreaks in June. Mink astrovirus was detected in outbreaks of diarrhea in the growth period, though in a much lesser extent than in the pre-weaning period. The role of mink astrovirus in the diarrhea disease complex of mink remain to be investigated, and for that purpose this sensitive and robust RT-qPCR can be a valuable tool in the future.

Pengaruh Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma domestica, Val.) terhadap Bakteri Usus secara in vitro

The use of turmeric rhizome to treat diarrhea is written in the original Indonesian medicinal manuscript. Diarrhea disease is still a public health problem in Indonesia, because of its high morbidity and mortality. The morbidity survey conducted by Indonesian Ministry of Health shows an increasing incidence trend. One of the causes of diarrhea is an uncontrolled increase in the number of intestinal bacteria and infection by intestinal pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of the turmeric rhizome preparation process, both traditionally and by extraction method by maceration and soxhletation on antibacterial activity, especially intestinal bacteria, so that it can be applied by the traditional medicine industry as well as traditional herbal medicine sellers (“jamu gendong”). The research method used was to test the antibacterial activity of fresh turmeric juice, pre-dried turmeric juice, turmeric extract by maceration using 95% ethanol, and turmeric extract by soxhletation at 100°C using 95% ethanol. The intestinal bacteria used in this study were Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterolitica, Vibrio nonagglutinable, and Shigella flexneri. The results of this study indicate that the treatment process using the traditional method, both fresh turmeric juice and pre-dried turmeric juice, does not show any antibacterial activity. Turmeric extract by maceration showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. Turmeric extract by soxhletation showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. The conclusion of this study is that the most appropriate method used to process turmeric rhizome as a medicine for diarrhea caused by bacteria is the extraction method by maceration or soxhletation. The greatest antibacterial effect is against the Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria.

EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA PENDERITA DIARE AKUT PASIEN PEDIATRI DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT ADVENT BANDAR LAMPUNG PERIODE JULI – DESEMBER 2019

Acute diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts less than 14 days. Regarding its severity, acute diarrhea is classified as mild, moderate or severe. Mild when signs of dehydration are not observed, moderate when there are mild or moderate signs of dehydration and rehydration can be done orally and severely when it results in more intense dehydration with or without electrolyte disturbances, and requires intravenous therapy. Diarrhea disease in the Inpatient Installation Bandar Lampung Adventist Hospital is the 10 biggest diseases and has never been evaluated on the use of drugs in pediatric patients. This study aims to evaluate the use of drugs in patients with acute diarrhea inpatients installation at the Bandar Lampung Adventist Hospital calculated from July to December 2019 data. This research is a descriptive study with retrospective data collection. The data collection process begins by tracing medical records of acute diarrhea patients. The population of acute diarrhea cases was 152 patients and then the number of samples obtained was then selected according to the inclusion criteria as a sample of 60 patients. From the research results it is known that the use of drugs in patients with acute diarrhea in pediatric patients includes antibiotics, electrolyte solutions, analgesic/antipyretics, antidiarrheals and other drugs (antihistamines, supplements and probiotics). The validation of drug use on the right indicators, the right patient and the right dose has reached 100%, the right indicator is 37% and the drug is 63% incorrect, this is due to the use of antibiotics without laboratory results that show acute diarrhea due to infection. Keywords: acute diarrhea, evaluation of drug use, pediatric