Application of Nanoemulsions in the Vaccination Process

Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches for the prevention of deadly and highly contagious diseases. One of the important biomedical applications of nanoemulsions is in the process of vaccination. Nanoemulsions are made from nano-sized safe, well-considered ingredients, amalgamated in a protective way to bring forth a stable emulsion. They have provided ways for vaccine delivery using intranasal or mucosal oil-based emulsions rather than using needles. Also, some nanoemulsions have effectively shown anti-pathogenic activities against several germs. Nanoemulsions are also used as vaccine adjuvants and are used to boost the effectiveness of vaccines. Nanoemulsion-based adjuvants put forward the possibility of non-irritating, needle-free vaccines, handed out as nose drops or as a simple nasal sprayer. The chapter aims to discuss the applications of nanoemulsions in the process of vaccination.

In situ real time monitoring of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants

Process analytical technology was used to monitor formation of a stable emulsion product, with results providing improved understanding of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvant formation processes.

Efficacy of an experimental gonococcal lipooligosaccharide mimitope vaccine requires terminal complement

A safe and effective vaccine against multidrug-resistant gonorrhea is urgently needed. An experimental peptide vaccine called TMCP2 that mimics an oligosaccharide epitope in gonococcal lipooligosaccharide, when adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE), elicits bactericidal IgG and hastens clearance of gonococci in the mouse vaginal colonization model. Here, we show that efficacy of TMCP2 requires an intact terminal complement pathway, evidenced by loss of activity in C9 -/- mice or when C7 function was blocked. In conclusion, TMCP2 vaccine efficacy in the mouse vagina requires membrane attack complex. Serum bactericidal activity may serve as a correlate of protection for TMCP2.

Characterization of a Novel High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Soy Protein Self-Assembled Gel Particles

In this paper, a novel high-internal-phase Pickering emulsion (HIPPE) prepared by acid-induced self-assembly SPI gel (A/S-SPIG) was investigated. The steady-state shear test results showed that all HIPPEs were typical shear thinning emulsion, which could form stable emulsion (0.2–1.2% SPI concentration). The network structure of HIPPE stabilized by A/S-SPIG particles (0.2–1.2% SPI concentration) was continuously enhanced with increasing SPI concentration. The high concentration of SPI particles increased the crystallization temperature of the stabilized HIPPE. Meanwhile, at a concentration of 1.2%, HIPPE has the best cohesive property and stability against delamination due to weakened mobility. In conclusion, A/S-SPIG was proved excellent HIPPE stabilized particle.

Technologies Involved in the Demulsification of Crude Oil

Due to the use of enhanced recovery processes that necessitate the use of a considerable amount of water, mature petroleum reservoirs generate crude oil with huge amounts of water. The majority of this water gets emulsified into crude oil during production, increasing viscosity and making flow more difficult, resulting in production, transportation, and refining operational challenges that have an influence on corporate productivity. Natural surfactants with a strong potential to create stable emulsions are naturally mixed with crude oils. Because crudes with a high amount of stable emulsion have a lower value, the stable emulsion must be adequately processed to meet industrial requirements. As a result, basic research on natural surfactants that contribute to emulsion stability is examined in order to effectively separate emulsions into oil and water. This would need a review of various emulsification methods as well as the proper formulation for effective demulsification. The petroleum industry recognizes the importance of an efficient demulsification procedure for treating emulsions. Numerous studies on the mechanisms of emulsification and demulsification have been undertaken for decades. To guarantee optimal hydrocarbon output, effective treatment is required. The present paper is to review reported works on the formation of petroleum emulsions, demulsification treatments, and characteristics of fit-for-purpose demulsifiers as well as research trends in emulsion treatment.

Emulsification of Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil from Nanoporous Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 with Diesel Using a Range of Emulsifiers in an Ultrasonicator

Catalytic pyrolysis oil (CPO) was produced from lignin using the ex-situ mechanism and nanoporous HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 50) as a catalyst. The oil contained phenolics, esters, acids, and benzene derivatives as the major constituents. The emulsification of CPO in diesel was tested with several emulsifier combinations such as Span 80 and Tween 60, Span 80 and Atlox 4916, and Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315 in the HLB range of 5.8–7.3. The HLB value of 5.8 using the combination of Span 80 and Atlox 4916 and the CPO:emulsifier:diesel ratio of 5:2:93 (wt%), provided a stable emulsion for 10 days. The physiochemical properties of that emulsion were comparable to diesel. Hence, emulsions of CPO and diesel can potentially be used as a diesel engine fuel.

The Effect of Weighting Materials on the Rheological Properties of Iraqi and Commercial Bentonite in Direct Emulsion

Numerous drilling additives and materials are used continuously because they are necessary to support and give the required properties of the drilling fluid so that to ensure the stability of the borehole. This paper aspires to evaluate the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey as an alternative to using commercial bentonite. Monitoring and evaluating of the rheological and filtration properties were prepared. This exertion aims to focus on the effect of hematite, and barite on the rheological properties of the three aforementioned bentonite types. An improvement in the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite). Trefawey was observed after adding the previous heavy materials. Hematite has by some means better ability to improve rheological properties compared to other heavy materials. The emulsifying agent used was Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (HOCH2COONA), as it has provided excellent results parallel to the lignite. The rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey are enhanced by doubling the amount of carboxyl methyl cellulose (HOCH2COONA). The results have proved that the use of weighting materials and emulsifying agent affected the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey in a direct emulsion. The results have shown that it is more appropriate to use carboxyl methyl cellulose as an emulsifying agent to prepare a direct emulsion than bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey due to its excellent effect in improving the rheological properties of bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey. And it can be said that this effort has succeeded in studying two effects simultaneously. In other words, both heavy substances and emulsifying agent have effects on bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey, in order to obtain a stable emulsion and a clearer view of the behavior of Iraqi bentonite. The above effort has focused on making bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey suitable for the nature of geological layers such as oil shale, limestone and sandstone. This means preparing drilling fluid using bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey to drill the above structures. The study has concluded that it is better to use bentonite (montmorillonite) Trefawey in preparing direct oil emulsions as a stable and successful alternative of imported bentonite.