Exceptionally bright optical emission from a rare and distant gamma-ray burst

Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by the dissipation of ultra-relativistic jets launched by newly-born black holes after the collapse of massive stars. Right after the luminous and highly variable gamma-ray emission, the multi-wavelength afterglow is released by the external dissipation of the jet in circumburst medium. We report the discovery of a very bright (10 mag) optical emission 28 s after the explosion of the extremely luminous and energetic GRB 210619B located at redshift 1.937. Early multi-filter observations allowed us to witness the end of the shock wave propagation into the GRB ejecta. We observed the spectral transition from a bright reverse to the forward shock emission, demonstrating that the early and late GRB multi-wavelength emission is originated from a very narrow jet propagating into an unusually rarefied interstellar medium. We also find evidence of an additional component of radiation, coming from the jet wings which is able explain the uncorrelated optical/X-ray emission.

The Basis of Navigation Across Species

Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Probability of an Intermediate (Reduced Operational) State

This work examines with the form of the well-known sum: p + q = 1 – which is the sum of the probabilities of opposite events, in particular: the sum of the probabilities of the operational and non-operational (failure) states of a single element (a creation characterised by one output and any number of inputs). It was found that without significantly compromising the accuracy of the previous analyses, it was possible to introduce an additional component to the sum: iiipq3, a component that embodies the probability of an intermediate state, or a reduced operational state. With a constant value of the sum of the components in question, their variation as a function of probability q was determined, following which in the function of the same variable the variation of the entropy of an element's i state was examined using Chapman-Kolmogorov equations; here the focus was on investigating the intensity of the transition from the operational state to the non-operational state or an intermediate state, and from an intermediate state to the non-operational state. The meaning of intermediate probability was also referenced to the object: its diagnostic program, the entropy of structure, the full set of discriminable states, and the relevant transition intensities. It became indispensable in this respect to describe the object using the language of graph theory, in which the basic concepts are layers and an availability matrix. It should be noted that the subject object is an entity that comprises a set of individual elements, with a number and structure of connections that are consistent with the purpose of this entity.

CREATION OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVE COATINGS USING GAS-DYNAMIC SPRAYING

The article presents the results of research on the processes of creating conductive coatings based on copper and aluminum in order to determine the interaction of components on each other during cold gas-dynamic spraying (CGDS) and substantiate the method of introducing an additional component to obtain the desired composite coating. In particular, under conditions when the copper sputtering coefficient is almost zero (at a working air temperature of 300 °C), it is the search for the experimental dependence of the sputtering coefficient on the percentage of copper and aluminum powders in the sprayed mixture, determining their residual content in the coating and then calculating based on these data, the sputtering coefficients of copper and aluminum. The CGDS method obtained samples with composite coatings from mixtures of aluminum and copper powders at different initial mass concentrations of aluminum (from 0 to 100%, in increments of 10%) Other things being equal (air pressure 0,6 MPa, air heating temperature 300 ° C) . The spraying ratio of the mixture and the residual content of the components in the obtained composite coatings were measured. Data on the residual content of the components in the coating allows you to select the composition of the source powder required to obtain a given content of components in the coating. The dependences of the sputtering coefficients of copper and aluminum on the mass content of aluminum in the sprayed mixture are found. At an initial concentration of aluminum less than 66%. the coefficient of copper sputtering is higher than the coefficient of sputtering of aluminum. Both increase monotonically with increasing aluminum concentration until it reaches 61%. At high concentrations of aluminum (more than 66%) the spray coefficients of copper, aluminum and their mixtures coincide. The obtained data on the residual content of the components in the coating allows you to select the composition of the source powder required to obtain a given content of components in the coating. For example, the maximum residual copper content (~ 95%) can be obtained by adding to the source powder 30-40% aluminum. The obtained results confirm the interaction of the components on each other and justify the method of introducing an additional component to obtain a composite coating containing a component that is difficult to spray.

Virtual reality-driven serious communication: Through VR-Dialogue towards VR-Participation

e-Participation depends on a community of users-citizens who constructively engage and collaborate with governments and decision-makers on key democratic and social matters. Effective serious communication requires meaningful social interactions supported by relevant community-building efforts. We argue that achieving that is more visible by engaging dialogue with a constructive shared viewpoint rather than thorough discussions or argumentation. The emerging social Immersive Virtual Reality technologies supply a novel mode of digital communication that brings an opportunity to overcome some of the challenges hindering e-Participation. In this paper, we present the key concepts and explore the principles of Dialogue in the context of serious communication. We link those principles with specific Immersive VR affordances and propose a Framework for Virtual-Reality-Mediated Serious Communication – VR-Dialogue. Finally, we discuss the implications of employing that framework to support e-Participation through an additional component: VR-Participation.

Organ Crosstalk and the Modulation of Insulin Signaling

A highly complex network of organ communication plays a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis, specifically due to the modulation of the insulin signaling machinery. As a paradigm, the role of adipose tissue in organ crosstalk has been extensively investigated, but tissues such as muscles and the liver are equally important players in this scenario. Perturbation of organ crosstalk is a hallmark of insulin resistance, emphasizing the importance of crosstalk molecules in the modulation of insulin signaling, potentially leading to defects in insulin action. Classically secreted proteins are major crosstalk molecules and are able to affect insulin signaling in both directions. In this review, we aim to focus on some crosstalk mediators with an impact on the early steps of insulin signaling. In addition, we also summarize the current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in relation to insulin signaling, a more recently discovered additional component of organ crosstalk. Finally, an attempt will be made to identify inter-connections between these two pathways of organ crosstalk and the potential impact on the insulin signaling network.

Development of reading skills in teaching English

The article describes the relevance and significance of developing reading skills in the modern world as a tool for transmission and obtaining of information. The author introduces the algorithms and stages of working with the texts and their implementation at the English language lessons. In this article, the main focus is on using such kinds of reading strategies: in-depth reading, skimming, and scanning in language classes. The article also identifies the importance of using strategies for any kind of the purpose of reading. To successfully understand the text, the learner must master a set of techniques and strategies. The use of strategies is individual, but to choose what strategy applies, the learner must be aware of them. In this case, the questionnaire about using reading strategies at the lesson, to understand the general awareness among 24 8th grade students was proposed. This article is written as additional component for final diploma project.

IMPROVING MARINE DIESEL ENGINE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE BY CARBURATION OF DIMETHYL ETHER IN INLET MANIFOLD

The article highlights the measures to be introduced in order to restrict the hazardous emissions from the marine vessels as a result of increasing attention of the global community to the air pollution problem. The most difficult for ship owners is to adhere to the requirements of MARPOL 73/78 in NECA Tier III. As a result of the analysis of modern widely used methods for reducing harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides from a marine ICE there have been determined the main advantages and disadvantages of these methods. A new method including the additional component supply system, which delivers additional component to an inlet manifold of a marine ICE, and the most suitable additional component were proposed. Main advantages of the proposed system over other systems were determined. The system operation diagram is presented and the academic novelty of the scientific work was determined. The academic novelty consists in using an adapted mathematical model for calculating the main parameters of the system developed. At the current stage of the work, the development of an electronic control unit for the system and additional electronic control unit is in progress. The next stage of the work consists of calculating the main parameters of the system and testing the system in various operating modes of marine diesel engine 3NVD 24

CREATION OF COMPOSITE ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE COATINGS BY GAS DYNAMIC SPRAYING

The article presents the results of research of spraying processes of composite electrically conductive coatings using copper C01-11 and aluminum A20-11 powders in order to determine the effect of components on each other in the formation of cold gas-dynamic spraying (CGDS) and the development of recommendations for the introduction of additional component to obtain a composite coating with a given ratio of different components. For example, when at a working air temperature of 300 ° C the copper sputtering coefficient is almost zero, it is a search for the experimental dependence of the sputtering coefficient change depending on the percentage of components of copper and aluminum powders in the sprayed mixture and determination of their residual content in the coating. based on the obtained data of the sputtering coefficients of copper and aluminum. The CGDS method obtained blanks with composite coatings from mixtures of powders of aluminum A20-11 and copper C01-11 at different initial concentrations of aluminum by weight (from 0 to 100% with a step of 10%) under otherwise equal conditions (air pressure 0,6 MPa, temperature air heating 300 ° C). The sputtering coefficient of a mixture of copper and aluminum and the residual content of components in the sprayed composite coatings were found. Data on the residual content of the individual components in the sprayed coating allows to determine the composition of the source powder required for spraying a given content of each of the components in the coating. The dependences of the spraying coefficients of copper C01-11 and aluminum A20-11 on the mass content of aluminum in the sprayed mixture were found. When the initial concentration of aluminum is less than 66%, the coefficient of copper deposition is greater than the coefficient of deposition of aluminum. Both increase with increasing concentration of aluminum until it reaches 61%. At high concentrations of aluminum (more than 66%) the spray coefficients of copper, aluminum and their mixtures coincide. The results obtained on the residual content of the components in the coating allow you to select the composition of the source powder required to obtain the desired content of components in the coating. For example, the maximum residual copper content (~ 95%) can be obtained by adding 30-40% aluminum to the starting powder. The obtained results prove the influence of the components on each other and justify the amount of introduction of an additional component for spraying a composite coating containing a component that is difficult to spray.

A case of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura presenting with pulmonary involvement

Pulmonary involvement in Henoch‐Schonlein purpura (HSP) although rare is an important treatable cause of hospital admission in patients. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the vague symptoms and non-specific radiographic findings. We present one such case of a known case of HSP presenting with pulmonary involvement and treated successfully with steroids and immunosuppressant medications after ruling out all other causes. This particular case could also have an additional component of methotrexate induced lung involvement. Overall it is an interesting case with some much needed learning points.