How the Telegraph and the Telephone Formed a Worldwide Wired Electromagnetic Environment

The principle of electromagnetic induction was independently discovered by Michael Faraday (England) and Joseph Henry (USA) in 1831–32. The momentous discovery gave birth to numerous inventions that made civilization “modern,” beginning with the telegraph. First the telegraph and then the telephone required the installation of millions of miles of electric wire to cross continents and oceans in order to function as a global telecommunications system. These wires created a wholly new, anthropogenic electromagnetic environment, whose frequencies were orders of magnitude greater than those occurring naturally. Its effects on human beings, particularly inside cities, and the biosphere generally were unknown. Even now, more than a century later, the medical and environmental effects of this worldwide wired infrastructure are at best but partially understood. The telecommunications revolutions of the mid- and late 19th century were eagerly anticipated and implemented swiftly on an unprecedented scale, creating the technological basis for worldwide instantaneous communication. This paper describes the key discoveries that created the scientific and technical breakthroughs that allowed the first telecommunications revolutions to take place.

Quantum Gravity Theory Founded on Device That Generates Energy from Relative Acceleration Amongst Charged Particles Electrostatically Interacting Under Curvature Deviation

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method, the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass-energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how black holes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.

Quantum Gravity Theory Founded on Device That Generates Energy from Relative Acceleration Amongst Charged Particles Electrostatically Interacting Under Curvature Deviation

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method, the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass-energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how black holes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.

A pilha de Daniell: um estudo de caso histórico

O modelo didático da pilha de Daniell tem papel central no ensino de eletroquímica, associado a conceitos fundamentais, tais como as reações de oxirredução. O dispositivo criado originalmente por John F. Daniell (1790-1845), porém, apresenta diferenças em relação ao modelo didático difundido na atualidade. Este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso histórico sobre o desenvolvimento da pilha por Daniell em meados do século XIX. A análise das comunicações de Daniell acerca desse assunto à Royal Society revelam a influência de Michael Faraday e William Snow Harris sobre seus trabalhos. Foram necessários cerca de dez anos para que Daniell chegasse à versão final de sua pilha, com um eletrodo de zinco amalgamado em um eletrólito de ácido sulfúrico diluído, e outro eletrodo de cobre em contato com uma solução ácida de sulfato de cobre. A separação entre os eletrólitos, inicialmente feita com uma membrana de origem animal, foi posteriormente feita por um recipiente de argila porosa. Essa pilha, capaz de fornecer corrente contínua de maneira constante por um tempo considerável, foi fundamental para a expansão das redes telegráficas nessa época. A compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico e tecnológico, e de suas implicações para a sociedade, por meio de um estudo de caso histórico, pode trazer contribuições relevantes para o ensino de ciências na atualidade.

Groundbreaking Testable Quantum Theory of Gravity That Provides the Essential Components Needed in Calculating the Energy of Black holes at Singularities

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method, the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass-energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how black holes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.

Capillary Electrophoresis and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect. Part 2. Electrophoresis of Ions: the Period from its Discovery in 1800 till Faraday’s Lines of Electric Force in the 1840s.

This review is the first in a series that deals exclusively with electrophoresis of ions. Since in modern terminology "electrophoresis is the movement of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field”, electrophoresis is not limited to colloidal particles, it includes ions as well. The history of electrophoresis of ions therefore begins in 1800 at the same time as that of electrolysis, because the two phenomena are so inextricably linked “that one cannot happen without the other” (Faraday, 1834). Between 1800 and 1805 about half a dozen different theories of electrolytic decomposition and the movement of the particles - for which we coin the term electrophoretic current - were formulated, all contributing to the discourse, but lacking consistency and none fully convincing. They are discussed nonetheless because most of them fell into oblivion, even though they are interesting for historical reasons. However, from 1805/1806 the predominant theory, formulated by Theodor von Grotthuß and independently by Humphry Davy assumed that polarized molecules of water or dissolved ions form chains between the two electrodes. Only the terminal atoms of these chains were in direct contact with the electrodes and were liberated by galvanic action, but are immediately replaced by neighboring atoms of the same type. This decomposition and recombination of the molecules driven by electric forces which follow the “action at a distance” principle like in Coulomb´s law takes place over the entire chains; they represent the electrophoretic current. However, in 1833 Michael Faraday refuted all previous theories. Two of his groundbreaking findings were of particular importance for the electrophoresis of ions: one was that electricity consists of elementary units of charge. The ions thus carry one or a multiple of these units. The other was the revolutionary theory of the electric lines of force in early 1840s, and of what was later called the electric field. With these findings Faraday fundamentally changed the previously prevailing view of the electrophoresis of ions.

History of Development and Potentials of Plasma Surgery

Two hundred years have passed since the moment when Michael Faraday suggested the existence of substances of the fourth aggregate state. A long way has been spent studying plasma and its properties, searching for possible applications in various directions. Many specialists in various fields of medicine have conducted research on the use of unique properties of plasma for sterilization of equipment, treatment of various diseases and prevention of their complications. However, the potential of plasma use continues to open up novel ways of its application.

MICHAEL FARADAY E SEU PRIMEIRO CONTATO COM A INDUÇÃO DE CORRENTE ELÉTRICA: UMA VIAGEM HISTÓRICA A 1831

Apresentaremos, neste artigo, uma discussão e análise histórica de um episódio que teve grandes impactos e significativas contribuições ao avanço científico e tecnológico: o sucesso de Michael Faraday no desenvolvimento da Indução de Corrente Elétrica, ocorrido na primeira metade do século XIX. Assim, trazemos algumas reflexões provenientes de nossa pesquisa de mestrado que teve como intuito responder aos seguintes questionamentos: Como ocorreu o primeiro contato de Michael Faraday com o processo da Indução de Corrente Elétrica? Quais foram os experimentos que possibilitaram o cientista britânico a desenvolver tal processo com êxito? Com essa investigação, foi possível compreendermos e levantarmos de maneira mais fiel aos fatos alguns dos experimentos, observações e reflexões que marcaram o primeiro contato de Faraday com o fenômeno da indução, sucedido em 1831. Em suma, constatamos que tal episódio foi constituído, inicialmente, por experimentos que possibilitaram o cientista britânico a induzir corrente elétrica a partir da própria eletricidade voltaica, e então, apenas num segundo momento, por meio do magnetismo comum.