Characterization of Multiple Grain Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Biramsundari from Bangladesh

Biramsundari is a rice germplasm from Bangladesh showing one to four grain in a single seed. Comparative study of morphological traits revealed that BS is a taller rice variety compared to modern rice varieties with longer and wider flag leaves, longer panicle length and higher thousand seed weight (TSW) than transplanted aman rice variety BRRI dhan 49. Flower morphological analysis unveil that multiple grains of Biramsundari are originating from multiple number of carpels in each floret. About 40.1% flower contains three carpels. Fluorescent microscopic study also confirms the zygotic origin of multiple grain formation in Biramsundari. Molecular characterisation of Biramsundari was performed by using TeaCpSSR27 and TeaCpSSR28 chloroplast microsatellite markers. The results of this investigation reveal that atpF and rsp14-psaB intergenic spacer regions of Biramsundari have variation compared to sequences of with O. sativa ssp. indica, O. sativa ssp. japonica and O. rufipogon. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 31(2): 115-122, 2021 (December)

Effect of variety and nitrogen fertilizer managements on the growth and yield of Transplant aman rice managements

Varietal selection and appropriate placement of nitrogen fertilizer could reduce the magnitude of nitrogen losses to a considerable extent and improve its use efficiency for better grain production. An experiment was carried out during the period from July to December at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the effect of variety and nitrogen fertilizer management on the growth and yield of transplant aman rice. The treatments consisted of three varieties viz. BR11, BRRI dhan49 and Binadhan-7, and five nitrogen fertilizer managements viz. two depth of placement of USG (Urea Super Granule) and three split applications of prilled urea. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the effect of variety and nitrogen fertilizer management significantly influenced all the yield contributing characters except weight of 1000- grains, non-effective tillers hill-1 and panicle length. The highest grain yield (3.69 t ha-1) was obtained from Binadhan-7. In the case of nitrogen fertilizer management, the highest grain yield (4.32 t ha-1) was found from the 6 cm depth placement of USG. The highest grain yield (4.82 t ha- 1) was observed from the interaction of Binadhan-7 with the 6 cm depth of placement of USG. It may be concluded that Binadhan-7 with 6 cm depth of placement of USG appeared as the promising practice to maximize the yield of transplant aman rice. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(3): 281-289, December 2021

ESTIMATING VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY, AND GENETIC ADVANCE OF RICE GENOTYPES IN MID-HILLS OF NEPAL

<p>Rice is an essential staple food in Nepal but researches and varietal improvement programs are rarely carried out due to inadequate variability study. The field study was carried to diagnose the influence of genetic and environmental factors on yield traits to aid future rice breeding programs. Twelve genotypes were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications from July to November 2019 at the research field of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, in the hilly area of Nepal. Analysis of variance showed significant difference for days to 50% booting, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, flag leaf area, filled grains per panicle, unfilled grains per panicle, fertility percentage, effective tillers m^-2, straw yield, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and harvesting index indicating the presence of variation in genotypes. LPN BR-1615 was the most promising genotype in grain yield. The values of Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) were higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for each trait and low difference between them was found for days to 50% booting, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, thousand-grain weight, fertility percentage, and harvesting index. Plant height, effective tillers m^-2, and grain yield showed high heritability (i.e. 93.2%, 60.5% and 92.6%, respectively) and higher genetic advance as percentage of mean (i.e. 46.5, 34.6 and 50.1, respectively) . Thus, the experiment revealed that selections favoring plant height, effective tillers m^-2, and grain yield would help in effective breeding programs of rice in future.</p>

Exploring the Relationship between Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Advanced Breeding Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Aim: Present study endeavors to explore the genetic variability for various agro-morphological and quality traits as well as to delineate the association between grain yield and its yield attributing components Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Place and Duration of Study: Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, She-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu during kharif 2020. Methodology: A experiment was carried out to determine the association between grain yield and yield attributing components among advanced breeding lines of rice to establish a well grounded selection criteria for developing rice varieties with improved grain yield. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found to be relatively greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for most of traits indicating role of environment in the phenotypic expression of traits. Characters viz., plant height, total number of tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, panicle length and grain yield per plant exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicating their efficient inheritance from preceding generations. Results: Association studies indicated that characters viz., Plant height, total number of tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant had a significant positive relationship with grain yield per plot indicating their role in breeding rice varieties for higher grain yield. Conclusion: Cause and effect relationship revealed that traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, total number of tillers per plant, days to maturity, panicle length and grain yield per plant can be exploited for indirect selection for improving grain yield.

Relationship between Yield and Yield Contributing Traits in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]

Knowledge about the association between grain yield and yield contributing traits is important for sorghum development programs. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine correlations and path-coefficients between grain yield per plant and yield contributing traits. The experiment was conducted during Kharif 2019 in the Department of millets, TNAU, Coimbatore, India by using nine parents and twenty hybrids to study the genotypic correlations on the basis of seventeen traits. Analysis of variance evinced significant variation for all the traits under study. In correlation studies, the grain yield was positively associated with plant height (0.603), leaf length (0.613), leaf area index (0.501), flag leaf length (0.529), panicle length (0.608), panicle weight (0.930) and hundred seed weight (0.643). In path analysis, the traits leaf length, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight and hundred seed weight exposed highly direct and indirect effects. Selection for a trait is effective when both the correlation and direct effect are higher and positive as this indicates its true association. Hence this investigation revealed flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight and hundred seed weight exhibited positive association and direct effect on grain yield, which indicates that the selection towards these characters will improve the yield.

Performance of Transplant Aus Rice Varieties under Different Nitrogen Management Practices

Management of applied nitrogen in rice field is one tool that could lead to increase in rice yield, but often ignored by most farmers. The experiment was carried out from April to July 2015 at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali to find out the influence of different nitrogen management and variety on the yield performance of transplant Ausrice. The study consisted of four levels of nitrogen viz. Control (without N), 30 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 and urea super granule @ 52 kg N ha-1 and four Transplanted aus rice varieties viz. KaliHitta, ChaitaBoro, Abdul Hai and Gota IRRI, and was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The levels of nitrogen were assigned in the main plot and varieties were allocated in the sub-plots. Nitrogen management, variety and their interactions exerted significant (P ≤ 0.05) influence on plant characters, yield contributing characters and yield of transplanted Aus rice. In the case of nitrogen management, the tallest plant was 161.60 cm, maximum leaf area index(2.97, the highest number of effective tillers hill-115, longest panicle 24.30 cm with the maximum number of filled grains as94.73, 1000-grain weight gave 29.97 g. Grain yield of 2.48 t ha-1 were obtained from USG @ 52 kg N ha-1 and the shortest plant height of 136.90 cm with lowest leaf area index of 1.78, lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.43), shortest panicle (18.84 cm) with the lowest numbers of filled grains panicle-1 (53.18), 1000-grain weight (24.33 g) and grain yield (1.40 t ha-1) were obtained in control (N1=O, kg N ha-1). Among the varieties, ChaitaBoro gave the tallest plant height (151.60 cm) and maximum leaf area index (2.54). While the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (12.20), longest panicle (22.42 cm) with the maximum number of filled grains panicle-1 (73.50), highest 1000-grain weight (27.41 g) and highest grain yield (2.39 t ha-1) were recorded from Gota IRRI than other varieties. In case of interaction, Gota IRRI Fertilized with USG at 52 kg N ha-1 produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (16.87), panicle length (25.13 cm), number of grains panicle-1 (105.70) and grain yield (3.13 t ha-1). The lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.13), lowest panicle length (17.47 cm) with minimum numbers of filled grains 47.67) and grain yield (1.12 t ha-1) were produced by the interaction of control (N1=O, kg N ha-1) and Kali Hitta. So, cultivation of transplant Aus rice (Gota IRRI) appeared to be the best performance with USG @ 52 kg N ha-1 and recommended to the end users.

Path Coefficient Analysis of Growth and Yield Traits of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Bokolori, Talata Mafara, Sudan Savanna Ecological Zone, Nigeria

In order to determine the direct and indirect effects of yield and yield components of rice, a field experiment was conducted in each of the wet seasons of 2016 and 2017 at Irrigation Research Stations of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Bokolori, Talata Mafara, in the Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria (12° 34’ N; 06° 04’E). The treatment consisted of four (4) weed management practice (Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 [pre-emergence], Orizo-plus [proponil 360 g/l + 2,4-D 200 g/l] at 2.8 kg a.i ha-1[post emergence at 3 WAS], manual weeding [at 3 and 6 WAS] and weedy check [control]); three (3) each of seeding method (Drilling, Dibbling and Broadcast) and seed rate (40 kg ha-1; 70 kg ha-1; 100 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid in a split plot design replicated three times. Weed management practice was assigned to the main plots while the combination of seeding method and seed rate to the subplots. Data were collected on plant height, leaf area, crop dry matter, tillering ability, crop growth rate, harvest index (HI), panicle length, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and paddy yield. The result indicated that, the highest individual contribution of 25.04% to paddy yield was made by dry matter followed by 1000-grain weight (8.74%), tillering ability (8.46%), leaf area (3.13%), number of grains per panicle (1.03%) and the least was from panicle length (0.83%). The contribution of these growth and yield attributes to yield suggests that, priority be given to these traits when making selection for improvement.

Yield, Yield Components and Nutritional Traits Values of Biofortified Sorghum Hybrids in Mali

To assess the adaptation, yield potential, nutrient content and to identify the traits contributing directly and indirectly to yield increase, a two years’ study was conducted in four locations. Thus, a total of 28 F1 hybrids from two females and 14 male parents, were developed and used in this study along with the parents and four commercial hybrids. Seven (7) hybrids were identified with grain yield ranging from 4015 to 4624 kg-1ha; heading from 64 to 92 days; iron content from 8.63 to 91.15 ppm; Zinc content from 8.14 to 28.71 ppm; lysine content from 2.73 to 5.61 mg/100g; threonine content from 2.50 to 6.28 mg/100g. For both phenotypic and genotypic levels, a significant correlation on grain yield through plant height, panicle length, primary branch per panicle, grain number per panicle and number of whorls per panicle were found. Based on the path analysis, positive and significant direct and indirect effect of correlation were observed in this work for a cycle, grain quality, panicle length, primary branch per panicle, grain number per panicle and number of whorls per panicle at the phenotypic level.

Genetic Diversity Studies in Drought Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes

Background: Assessing the genetic diversity and relationship among breeding materials isan invaluable aid for any crop improvement programme. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate statistical technique attempt to simplify and analyze the inter relationship among a large set of variables in term of a relatively a small set of variables or components without losing any essential information of original data set. Methods: The present investigation was carried out to study the genetic diversity and relationship among the sixty five rice genotypes including popular rice varieties of Tamil Nadu, drought tolerant rice varieties, aerobic rice genotypes and land races. These genotypes were raised at Rice Research Station, Tiruvallur, during kharif, 2015 in randomized block design with three replications under aerobic condition. Data on eight yield and yield attributing traits were recorded and subjected to principal component analysis and association analysis. Result: In principal component analysis, PC1accounted for 22.91% and PC2 accounted for 19.53% of the total variation. The traits panicle length, no. of grains per panicle, plant height, days to 50% flowering, no of productive tillers per plant from the first two principal components accounted for major contribution to the total variability. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into six discrete clusters. The association analysis revealed that the traits viz., no. of productive tillers/plant, panicle length and hundred seed weight had positive association with higher direct effect on plot yield which could be used as selection criteria for developing high yielding rice varieties. The results of the present study have revealed the high level of genetic variation existing in the genotypes studied and explains the traits contributing for this diversity.

Morphological characterization of 3 potential lines Cempo Ireng black rice result of Gamma-Ray irradiation

Gamma-ray irradiation on Cempo Ireng can lead to the variation of morphological characteristics; hence, morphological characterization is necessary to determine changes in potential lines. This research aimed to characterize the potential lines as one of the requirements for proposing plant variety release and add black rice genetic diversity information. The research was carried out in the rice fields of Pakahan Village, Jogonalan, Klaten in January-June 2020 with the arrangement of potential lines 8,13 and 44 of M6 in a row. In total 30 plants were selected randomly for each potential line and observed 19 morphological characters. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively with the Chi-Square test. The results showed that gamma-ray irradiation affects the characters of leaf angle, auricle color, ligule color, leaf-blade color, leaf surface, panicle type, grain color, apiculus color, and rice length. Potential line 8 had different characteristics compared to non-irradiated Cempo Ireng in the characters of auricle color, leaf-blade color, leaf width, panicle length, grain width, rice length, and rice width, while on potential lines 13 and 44 occur in the characters of the leaf surface and panicle length.