Analisis Keefektifan Ekoenzim sebagai Pembersih Kandang Ayam dari Limbah Buah Jeruk (Citrus sp.)

Sanitation of the cage usually requires a sanitizer containing a powerful cleaning fluid to sterilize the cage. Materials commonly used for cage sanitation are detergent or disinfectants used to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms that cause bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms. Eco enzyme is an alternative natural cleaning agent derived from fresh fruit waste through fermentation. This study aimed to make eco enzymes for cleaning chicken coops from citrus waste, characterize the microbiological eco enzymes, and test the effectiveness of eco enzymes as chicken coop cleaners. Eco enzymes from fresh citrus waste after a 3-month fermentation period contained bacteria and fungi of 1.9 x 106CFU/ml and 8.5 x 105CFU/ml, respectively, with a pH of 3.39±0.023. The eco enzyme of cage cleaning fluid from citrus waste (Citrus sp.) can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through confrontation tests in the laboratory. Testing the effectiveness of eco enzymes in chicken coops can reduce the number of bacteria five times more than detergents for the same area.

CRISPR/Cas12a-Assisted Visual Logic-Gate Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms Based on Water-Soluble DNA-Binding AIEgens

Here, we developed a rapid, visual and double-checked Logic Gate detection platform for detection of pathogenic microorganisms by aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) in combination with Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated (Cas). DNA light-up AIEgens (1,1,2,2-tetrakis[4-(2-bromo-ethoxy) phenyl]ethene, TTAPE) was non-emissive but the emission was turned on in the presence of large amount of DNA produced by recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). When CRISPR/Cas12a was added, all long-stranded DNA were cut leading to the emission quenched. Thus, a method that can directly observe the emission changes with the naked eye has been successfully constructed. The detection is speedy within only 20 min, and has strong specificity to the target. The result can be judged by Logic Gate. Only when the output signal is (1,0), does it represent the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the test object. Finally, the method was applied to the detect pathogenic microorganisms in environmental water samples, which proved that this method has high selectivity, specificity and applicability for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in environmental water samples.

Boswellia serrata Extract as an Antibiofilm Agent against Candida spp.

The use of antibiotics or antifungals to control infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms is currently insufficiently effective because of their emerging resistance. Thanks to the ability of microorganisms to form a biofilm and thus increase their resistance to administered drugs even more, modern medicine faces the task of finding novel substances to combat infections caused by them. In this regard, the effects of essential oils or plant extracts are often studied. Among the relatively neglected plants is Boswellia serrata, which has a high content of biologically active boswellic acids. In this study, we focused on one of the most common nosocomial infections, which are caused by Candida species. The most common representative is C. albicans, although the number of infections caused by non-albicans species has recently been increasing. We focused on the antifungal activity of Boswellia serrata extract Bioswellix against planktonic and adhering cells of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei. The antifungal activity against adhering cells was further explored by determining the metabolic activity of cells (MTT) and determining the total amount of biofilm using crystal violet. Boswellic acid-containing plant extract was shown to suppress the growth of a suspension population of all tested Candida species. Boswellia serrata extract Bioswellix was most effective in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm formation.

Metabolic services of intestinal microbiota of swine: metabolism of carbohydrates and bile salts

Vertebrate animals are holobionts and their physiology and metabolism are influenced by their commensal microbiota. Gut microbiota and their metabolites play a key role in the host defense against pathogenic microorganisms, shape the immune system, and impact the resistance to chronic disease. The metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota contributes significantly to the conversion of diet components to molecules that can be absorbed and metabolized by the host. The metabolic capacity of the intestinal microbiota by far exceeds the metabolic capacity of the hosts. Collectively, gut microbes support the digestion of the major nutrients, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and impact uptake and conversion of micronutrients, e.g. phenolic compounds and minerals. This chapter provides an overview on the metabolism of carbohydrates and bile salts by pig microbiota.

Electrospun Nanofibers for Scheming Water Pollution

Water pollution is one of the key global problems which require immediate attention. Worldwide, it is predicted that more than 50% of countries will encounter water scarcities by 2025 which will increase to 75% by 2075. Each year more than 5 million people die due to water-borne diseases. The threat due to pollution by industries, exponential population growth, urbanization, by pathogenic microorganisms from human and animal waste, etc. The rise in water pollution and its subsequent effects on human health and environment is a matter of great concern. The water pollutants ought to be removed to improve water quality for human use. Nanoparticles or zero dimensional materials have been extensively studied since long, whereas one dimensional material (nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, or nanofibers) have recently grabbed a lot of interest from global researchers. Nanofibers having large aspect ratio are grabbing incredible attention owing to dependency of physical property on directionality having high porosity and surface area as compared to normal fibers.

Multidrug Resistance and Serotype Distribution of Salmonella Enterica Isolated from Homemade Recipe Fermented Ground Pork (Nham) in Northeastern Thailand

Salmonellosis is caused by a thousand serotypes of Salmonella enterica. The sour taste inherent to Nham leads people believe that this fermented ground pork dish is safe from pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, serotype, drug susceptibility, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of Salmonella spp. in homemade recipes of Nham. There were 52 samples from different Nham makers in 3 northeastern provinces of Thailand collected between August and November 2019. Further, 30 Salmonella isolates (57.7 %) and 14 different serovars were identified: S. Rissen (23.3 %) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Typhimurium (16.7 %), S. Give and S. Virchow (10 % each), and S. Agona and S. Kouka (6.7 % each). All isolates carried AMR genes but 7 (23.3 %) were antibiotic susceptible and 23 (76.7 %) borne a resistance phenotype. The Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline (63 %), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (36.7 %), streptomycin (33.3 %), nalidixic acid (30 %), cefotaxime (16.7 %), and enrofloxacin (3.3 %). Among the 23 AMR genes in our analysis, there were gyrB (100 %), tetA (93.3 %), aadA (93.3 %), sul1, sul2, sul3 (23.3 - 33.3 %), dfrA12 (16.7 %), qnrS, (6.7 %), and mcr6 (6.7 %). Two strains had the mcr6 gene but were susceptible to colistin. Our findings suggest that naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria in the Nham products are insufficient to inhibit Salmonella contamination of this pork-based food. HIGHLIGHTS Highly presence of Salmonella in fermented ground pork (Nham) All identified Salmonella isolates in the Nham have AMR genes A few Salmonella isolates carry AMR genes but are antibiotic susceptible Two Salmonella isolates contain the mcr6 gene but are susceptible to colistin

Microbiological contamination of feed – current hazards and new challenges

Feed microflora remains a very complex and still largely uncharacterized ecosystem. Given the wide range of potential sources of microbial contamination that may come into contact with feed, a variety of microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, can be expected. Microbiological contamination of feeds depends on environmental factors, which are a natural, primary source related to the microflora carried on feed materials and coming from soil, water and air. Microbial contamination may also emerge secondarily in the processing and distribution stages of feed, but also in the breeding stage, where feed may be contaminated by animals showing disease symptoms or asymptomatically. A wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted symptomatically or asymptomatically can cause economic losses to feed producers and farmers, and some of them due to their zoonotic nature can also pose a potential risk to consumers. New feed materials appear on the market, i.e. Insect Processed Animal Proteins, which are part of the strategy of replacing traditional protein sources. These materials are under investigation for their benefits as well as for microbiological safety. The aim of this review was to present the current knowledge on the main microbiological risk factors influencing the quality and safety of feed, as well as new analytical challenges related to the introduction of new feed materials.