Menilik Perkembangan Tafsir Feminis di Indonesia Ala Thomas Kuhn

This study aims to discuss the development of feminist interpretation in Indonesia through the existence of Husein Muhammad's thoughts. This research method is qualitative through literature study with the theory of the scientific revolution initiated by Thomas Kuhn through an interpretation approach. The results and discussion of this research include a discussion of Thomas Kuhn's paradigm transition, the dynamics of feminist interpretation in Indonesia, the discourse of feminist interpretation in Indonesia according to Thomas Kuhn's paradigm transition theory, and Husein Muhammad's feminist interpretation. This study concludes that Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shift is used in interpreting feminist topics in Indonesia, which have undergone a paradigmatic transition at various levels. Tafsir Al-Qur'an Indonesia has undergone a paradigmatic transition in the classical, modern, and contemporary era. One of the commentators whose work was mapped out this time was Husein Muhammad who was in the neo-modern or contemporary era. This research is expected to have significant benefits for fans of the study of the Al-Qur'an and gender. This research only raises issues related to one feminist commentator. Then, this study recommends that in the future a more up-to-date understanding of the role of feminist commentators can be generated through a comprehensive study of western thoughts that refers to the literature on the interpretation of the Al-Qur'an in particular.

Ulysse, 1982, de Agnès Varda. Breve estudio acerca de la temporalidad de un cortometraje sobre una fotografía

RESUMEN Este trabajo trata de analizar Ulysse, 1982, de Agnès Varda: un cortometraje sobre una fotografía tomada por la misma autora en una playa de La Mancha veintiocho años atrás a un hombre egipcio, a un niño, y a una cabra muerta. El análisis tiene lugar en el ámbito de los estudios sobre artes visuales. Particularmente, en la tradición de teorías sobre la temporalidad en el análisis de las obras. Esta tradición, que forma la trama y urdimbre de este trabajo, refiere autores como George Kubler, George Didi-Huberman, Alexander Nagel, Christopher Wood, y Thomas Kuhn entre otros. El tema central de Ulysse –como también lo ha declarado la autora– además de la cuestión de la memoria y el tiempo, es la relación de la memoria y la representación en la imagen. ¿Cómo la memoria puede ser representada en la imagen en movimiento sobrepuesta a la imagen fija? ¿Cómo la filmación incluye el complejo entramado de tiempos anteriores, en constante actualización, proyectados a futuro, simultáneos, paralelos, coexistentes en el cortometraje? Intento, por tanto, examinar estas diferentes temporalidades contenidas en Ulysse, y el sentido de la plasticidad que da forma al trabajo de Agnès Varda.

ATIVIDADE EXPERIMENTAL PROBLEMATIZADA (AEP): DISCUSSÕES PEDAGÓGICAS E DIDÁTICAS DE UMA ASSERÇÃO DE SISTEMATIZAÇÃO VOLTADA AO ENSINO EXPERIMENTAL DAS CIÊNCIAS

Consideradas as interfaces entre discussões pedagógicas e didáticas (praxiológicas) como oportunas à qualidade do processo de ensino, aqui configuradas como constituintes de uma Cultura Educacional, tendo em vista a garantia dos meios e métodos para fins de aprendizagem, neste artigo é apresentada a Atividade Experimental Problematizada (AEP), caracterizada como uma proposta de sistematização teórico-metodológica voltada ao ensino das Ciências, nas particularidades da experimentação. Para tanto, sob o âmbito de uma pesquisa teórica amparada por fundamentos bibliográficos qualitativos, em caráter propositivo e reflexivo, se discute a asserção da AEP, cuja tessitura articula pressupostos próprios da Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa e da Epistemologia de Thomas Kuhn, pretendendo-se, como resultado do processo da instrução em ambientes formais de ensino, a produção de interpretações, significados e sentidos em Ciências, a partir dos quais deverão ser desenvolvidos modos mais complexos e satisfatórios de reflexão e posicionamento individual em sociedade.

Struktura rewolucji relatywistycznej i kwantowej w fizyce, czyli o systematyczności badań naukowych i roli kantyzmu we współczesnej filozofii nauki

The article is a voice in the discussion on Wojciech Sady’s book Struktura rewolucji relatywistycznej i kwantowej w fizyce [The Structure of Relativistic and Quantum Revolution in Physics]. The author points out that the central idea of this book directly refers to the works of Thomas Kuhn, who emphasized the role of revolutions in the process of scientific development. Sady criticizes this position, claiming that the development of science is primarily determined by systematic research. The author also argues with Sady’s thesis that an important consequence of the relativistic and quantum revolution in physics is the fundamental questioning of the value of Kant’s philosophy. The text tries to show that Kantism is still present in contemporary philosophy of science.

Abuso de substâncias gêmeas: Pap e Kuhn contra a distinção entre propriedades essenciais e acidentais de espécies científicas

Neste artigo analiso criticamente o essencialismo acerca de espécies naturais [natural kinds] a partir da teoria funcional do a priori de Arthur Pap (1943, 1944 e 1946). De maneira similar a outros autores que privilegiam a prática científica, mostra-se que há razões para rejeitar a legitimidade da distinção entre propriedades essenciais e propriedades acidentais no interior de uma teoria científica. Buscamos mostrar como uma resposta muito similar àquela de Thomas Kuhn ao célebre experimento de pensamento da Terra Gêmea pode ser formulada a partir da teoria funcional de Pap. Tanto Kuhn quanto Pap apresentam razões pelas quais devemos rejeitar a aplicação da teoria causal da referência ao léxico científico. Com base em uma análise da prática científica da primeira metade do século XX mostramos que a distinção entre propriedades acidentais e essenciais de espécies científicas é inadequada (o caso do “Fósforo Gêmeo”). Isso nos permite aproximar a teoria funcional do a priori da “virada histórica” em filosofia da ciência encontrada em autores como Kuhn, mostrando como essa virada foi um processo mais contínuo do que pensado inicialmente.

De Mach ao ‘novo experimentalismo’

Experimentos de pensamento vêm sendo amplamente utilizados na história da ciência desde a Antiguidade. Contudo, somente por volta do século XIX eles passam a ser discutidos teoricamente, em termos de suas características e funcionalidades. Este artigo resgata estudos do físico e filósofo Ernst Mach, que acendem definitivamente as luzes sobre o potencial desses notáveis experimentos, considerações de Thomas Kuhn acerca desse conceito e a discussão do assunto a partir da menção a teses que surgem com o “novo experimentalismo”. Através de um exemplo desenvolvido por Albert Einstein em sua obra A teoria da relatividade especial e geral, reflete-se sobre essa temática e suas potencialidades para o ensino das ciências naturais, da física em particular.

In a World of Paradoxes, Conflicts and Contradictions the Need for Disambiguation

Today we begin to have the knowledge that allows us to face man in a dynamic and dialectic perspective, as we have long desired (see, for example, the definition of health by the World Health Organization, 1948, as a state of equilibrium – therefore dynamic). However, an intention is not enough. We have to better understand the phenomena, of course. And differently. There is a need for a rupture in strategies, methodologies, instruments (conceptual and material), an adequate conception and with the appropriate degrees of freedom. This work intends to be as a contribution to this rupture (see Thomas Kuhn). Not only in health, but in general, because man is always, (as a phenomenon, as a sign or as the observer), a fundamental part of our visions. In this article we propose two conceptual tools: ARAT (aggression / reaction / adaptation / transformation - as a factor of transformation) and Mental Schemes (as a factor of stability - which, therefore, goes beyond a centralization in the nervous system). Tools that allow us to access causalities (not only in their consequences, which are the facts, events, where we often focus our attention), because they guide and justify (substantiate the functionality) the action of man in every field (in education, health, sport, leisure, politics, economics, tourism, etc.) showing how and why man works.

The structure of scientific controversies: Thomas Kuhn’s social epistemology

Changes of theories are major events in science. Two main types of questions may be asked about them: i) how do scientists choose new theories?, and ii) how is consensus formed? Generally, philosophers do not distinguish these two questions. Kuhn, on the contrary, offers very different answers to each of these questions. Theory-choice, on the one hand, is explained through the application of epistemic criteria, such as accuracy and consistency; nonetheless, because these values do not prescribe a single choice, consensus formation, on the other hand, is explained through a series of socio-epistemic mechanisms, namely: scientific pedagogy, diffusion and production of knowledge within the community (the “wave motion”), and restructuring of the scientific field. These mechanisms are the basis of Kuhn’s social epistemology, in that they are not restricted to sociology nor epistemology, encompassing both social interactions and epistemic evaluations of theories. Keywords: Thomas Kuhn, consensus formation, social epistemology.

Science Wars

What do scientists actually know and what do they know about? Answers to these questions are crucial not only for our understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge, but also for the formulation of effective science-based public policies, from global warming and energy to biotechnology and nanoscience. There is a lack of convincing answers to these questions because of an illogical conflation within modern science of epistemology and ontology, seeking to transcend experience and produce knowledge of reality using experience itself. Attempts at explaining the nature of scientific knowledge from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries reveal that scientific reasoning has selectively employed deduction and induction, rationalism and empiricism, the universal and the particular, and necessity and contingency as if these opposites were compatible. As Thomas Kuhn showed, the history of science belies the definitive truth of ontological claims deduced from theories and, as a corollary, the definitive truth of theories themselves. Science Wars reviews the competing conceptions of scientific knowledge from Plato and Aristotle in the fourth century BCE to the “science wars” of the 1990s and provides thought-provoking analyses for understanding scientific thought in the twenty-first century.