Determining The Relationship Between Exercise Dependence And Narcissism Levels Of Athletes

There exist a positive relationship between exercise and narcissistic personality. Athletes who develop narcissistic personality traits wanted to be trained continuously to be successful. As a result, they become addicted to exercise. Athletes with narcissistic personalities should seek help from experts so that they do not become addicted to exercise. Narcissistic people tend to be addicted to exercise. Narcissistic athletes should be constantly checked by their trainers to prevent them from becoming exercise addicts.There are currently limited investigations that have examined the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and exercise dependence. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between exercise dependence levels and narcissistic personalities of male athletes in wrestling, weight lifting, and body building. In this study, narcissistic personality inventory and exercise dependence scale were used as a data collection tool. Statistical software (SPSS 20 version) was used to analyze the data. It was observed that the data is normally distributed and homogeneous. Descriptive statistical analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were used to determine the direction and severity of the relationship between the variables. The study group consisted of 25 wrestlers, 23 weight-lifters, and 14 bodybuilders who achieved the first 3 ranks in Turkey Championships. As a result of descriptive statistical analysis, dropping exercise scores of athletes were as 3.866, sustainability scores were as 2.806, tolerance scores were as 4.634, lack of control scores was as 1.634, decrease in other activities scores was as 1.581, duration scores were as 4,796, intention effect scores were as 2.753, total exercise addiction scores were as 3.153 and narcissism scores were determined as 8,048. At the end of the study, it was determined that the athletes under the sample had a relationship between narcissism and exercise addiction levels. According to descriptive statistical analysis, wrestlers were observed to get the highest scores in lack of control, sustainability, dropping exercise sub-dimensions.

Body-Related Factors and Anxiety Predict Exercise Dependence and Eating Disorders in University Students: A Path Analysis

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the role of BMI, body image inflexibility, and anxiety to eating disorder and exercise dependence symptoms in a sample of college students. Participants: 878 habitual exercisers (M age = 20.09 years, SD = 1.76 years) in a large urban university participated in this study. They had an exercise frequency not less than 3 days per week. Methods: Participants filled out demographic information, exercise behavior, questionnaire for exercise dependence (EDS-R), eating disorder (EDE-QS), body image inflexibility (BI-AAQ), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7).Results: After controlling for age, gender and major, lower BMI was linked to more exercise dependence symptoms but not significant (β=-0.04, p=0.26). In contrast, greater BMI was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing eating disorder (β=-0.08, p<0.001). Moreover, higher body image inflexibility is significantly positive contributed to not only sever exercise dependence (β=0.26, p<0.001), but also abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors (β=0.74, p<0.001). Furthermore, generalized anxiety is a significant contributor to exercise dependence symptoms (β=0.14, p<0.001) but not eating disorder symptoms (β=0.02, p=0.43).Conclusions: Body image inflexibility is the common contributor to developing exercise dependence and eating disorders, suggesting that the prevention and treatment of disordered eating and exercise dependence should involve the improvement of psychological flexibility. In addition, the individual with higher BMI is more vulnerable for developing eating disorder, while those who have the sever anxiety symptoms should be given more attention to screen for exercise dependence.

The relationship between perceived health outcomes of recreation, exercise dependence, and life satisfaction: A study with fitness center members

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived health outcomes of recreation, exercise dependence, and life satisfaction among fitness center members. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 490 participants, 336 males, and 154 females, who were members of a private fitness center in Istanbul. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection tools included the Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale, developed by Gomez et al. and adapted to Turkish by Yerlisu Lapa et al., the Exercise Dependence-21 Scale, developed by Hausenblans and Downs and adapted by Gürbüz and Aşçı and the Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Diener et al. and adapted by Yetim. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, MANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The independent t-test results showed a significant difference in LSS scores by gender. MANOVA analysis results revealed that the main effect of gender on the sub-dimensions of PHORS was not significant, but there was a difference in the PSYC sub-dimension. Besides, the main effect of gender on ED-21 and all sub-dimensions was significant. Conclusions: There was a positive and moderate relationship between LSS and PHORS; a negative and low-level correlation between LSS and ED-21, and between PHORS and ED-21.

Examining the Relationship between Exercise Dependence, Disordered Eating, and Low Energy Availability

Both dietary and exercise behaviors need to be considered when examining underlying causes of low energy availability (LEA). The study assessed if exercise dependence is independently related to the risk of LEA with consideration of disordered eating and athlete calibre. Via survey response, female (n = 642) and male (n = 257) athletes were categorized by risk of: disordered eating, exercise dependence, disordered eating and exercise dependence, or if not presenting with disordered eating or exercise dependence as controls. Compared to female controls, the likelihood of being at risk of LEA was 2.5 times for female athletes with disordered eating and >5.5 times with combined disordered eating and exercise dependence. Male athletes with disordered eating, with or without exercise dependence, were more likely to report signs and symptoms compared to male controls-including suppression of morning erections (OR = 3.4; p < 0.0001), increased gas and bloating (OR = 4.0–5.2; p < 0.002) and were more likely to report a previous bone stress fracture (OR = 2.4; p = 0.01) and ≥22 missed training days due to overload injuries (OR = 5.7; p = 0.02). For both males and females, in the absence of disordered eating, athletes with exercise dependence were not at an increased risk of LEA or associated health outcomes. Compared to recreational athletes, female and male international caliber and male national calibre athletes were less likely to be classified with disordered eating.

Paixão e dependência do exercício em atletas de fisiculturismo

OBJETIVO: O objetivo foi analisar a paixão e dependência do exercício em atletas de fisiculturismo. MÉTODOS: O estudo apresenta caráter descritivo correlacional. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa 35 atletas (25 homens), que treinam em academias da cidade de Maringá (PR). Os instrumentos foram a Escala da Paixão e a Escala de Dependência do Exercício. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se os testes U de Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis e correlação de Spearman (p0,05). RESULTADOS: Os resultados revelaram que os atletas de fisiculturismo possuem paixão harmoniosa pelo seu esporte e foram classificados como não dependentes sintomáticos pelo exercício. Notou-se que os homens parecem despender mais tempo dedicando-se à prática do exercício físico e que a paixão harmoniosa apresentou correlação inversa com a dimensão continuidade da dependência do exercício. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que os atletas de fisiculturismo realizam o esporte em harmonia com suas outras atividades diárias, apresentando gosto e prazer pela prática e, embora não sejam dependentes, apresentaram características como o aumento da tolerância às cargas de treino e sintomas de tensão quando privados da prática de exercícios. TITLE: Passion and exercise dependence in bodybuilding athletesABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Study’s aim was to analyze the passion and exercise dependence in bodybuilding athletes. METHODS: This study has a descriptive correlational. Subjects were 35 athletes (25 men), practicing resistance training in Maringá (PR) gyms. The Passion Scale and Exercise Dependence Scale were used. Data analysis was performed through Mann-Whitney’s U, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman Correlation Coefficient tests (p0.05). RESULTS: Results revealed that the bodybuilding athletes were harmoniously motivated towards their sport, and they were classified as nondependent-symptomatic for their practice. It was noted that males seemed to spend more time dedicated to the physical exercise practice and that harmonious passion had an inverse correlation with the continuous dimension of exercise dependence. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that bodybuilding athletes practiced the sport in harmony with other daily activities, presenting joy and pleasure towards practice and, although nondependent, they presented dependence symptoms such as increased tolerance to training loads and tension when deprived from the exercise practice.

Comparing Incoming College Freshman in 2019 and 2020: Differences in Psychological Well-being, Sleep Quality, Physical Activity, and Eating Disturbances

Objectives The main objective was to compare incoming college freshman from 2019 to incoming college freshman from 2020. Due to the pandemic, it was expected that incoming college freshman in 2020, relative to those in 2019, would demonstrate poorer functioning in terms of psychological well-being, sleep quality, physical activity, and eating disorders. Methods Prior to starting college at a mid-sized university, incoming college freshman were invited to complete surveys related to health and well-being (2019 n = 32; 2020 n = 64). Participants completed the following measures: Beck Depression Inventory II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Exercise Dependence Scale, Modifiable Physical Activity Questionnaire, Yale Food Addiction Scale, and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Results T-tests were used to compare mean differences between the cohorts. Cohen's d is reported as an index of effect size. The 2020 cohort reported greater depression (d = .44, P = .045), anxiety (d = .48, P = .036), and perceived stress (d = .44, P = .05), but did not differ on social support (P = .84). Although differences were in the expected direction, the cohorts did not significantly differ in sleep quality, moderate and vigorous physical activity per week, exercise dependence, eating disorders symptoms, or food addiction (p's &gt; .20). Conclusions Incoming college freshman in 2020, compared to their counterparts in 2019, reported worse psychological well-being in terms of perceived stress, depression, and anxiety. Observed differences did not extend to disturbances in sleep, physical activity, or eating. Funding Sources Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida