Energetics of Floor Gymnastics: Aerobic and Anaerobic Share in Male and Female Sub-elite Gymnasts

Background Artistic gymnastics is a popular Olympic discipline where female athletes compete in four and male athletes in six events with floor exercise having the longest competition duration in Women’s and Men’s artistic gymnastics (WAG, MAG). To date no valid information on the energetics of floor gymnastics is available although this may be important for specific conditioning programming. This study evaluated the metabolic profile of a simulated floor competition in sub-elite gymnasts. Methods 17 (9 male, 8 female) sub-elite gymnasts aged 22.5 ± 2.6y took part in a floor-training-competition where oxygen uptake was measured during and until 15 min post-exercise. Additionally, resting and peak blood lactate concentration after exercise were obtained. The PCr-LA-O2 method was used to calculate the metabolic energy and the relative aerobic (WAER), anaerobic alactic (WPCr) and anaerobic lactic (WBLC) energy contribution. Further, the athletes completed a 30 s Bosco-jumping test, a countermovement jump and a drop jump. Results The competition scores were 9.2 (CI:8.9–9.3) in WAG and 10.6 (CI:10.4–10.9) in MAG. The metabolic profile of the floor routine was mainly aerobic (58.9%, CI: 56.0–61.8%) followed by the anaerobic alactic (24.2%, CI: 21.3–27.1%) and anaerobic lactic shares (16.9%, CI:14.9–18.8%). While sex had a significant (p = .010, d = 1.207) large effect on energy contribution, this was not the case for competition duration (p = .728, d = 0.061). Relative energy contribution of WAG and MAG differed in WAER (64.0 ± 4.7% vs. 54.4 ± 6.8%, p = .004, d = 1.739) but not in WPCr (21.3 ± 6.1% vs. 26.7 ± 8.0%, p = .144, d = 0.801) and WBLC (14.7 ± 5.4% vs. 18.9 ± 4.2%, p = .085, d = 0.954). Further no correlation between any energy share and performance was found but between WPCr and training experience (r = .680, p = .044) and WBLC and competition level (r = .668, p = .049). Conclusion The results show a predominant aerobic energy contribution and a considerable anaerobic contribution with no significant difference between anaerobic shares. Consequently, gymnastic specific aerobic training should not be neglected, while a different aerobic share in WAG and MAG strengthens sex-specific conditioning. All in all, the specific metabolic share must secure adequate energy provision, while relative proportions of the two anaerobic pathways seem to depend on training and competition history.

BISKUIT SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG LABU KUNING (Cucubita Moschata Duch) DAN TEPUNG KECAMBAH KEDELAI (Glycine max L. Merr) SEBAGAI KONTRIBUSI UNTUK PEMENUHAN ANGKA KECUKUPAN GIZI (AKG)

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to study the effect of pumpkin flour (Cucurbita Moschata Duch) and soybean sprout flour (Glycine max L. Merr) substitution on organoleptic assessment, nutritional content and nutritional contribution of biscuit products. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with various percentages of pumpkin flour and soybean sprouts flour substitution treatment, namely T0 (100%: 0% : 0%), T1 (50% : 45% : 5%), T2 (50% : 40% : 10%), T3 (50% : 35% : 15%), T4 (50% : 30% : 20%), and T5 (50% : 25% : 25%). The results show the substitution of pumpkin flour and soybean sprouts flour had a very significant effect on the characteristics of color, aroma, taste, and texture. T1 treatment was the most preferred by the panelists with preference scores of color, aroma, taste, and texture reached 3.56 (like), 3.40 (slightly like), 3.52 (like), and 3.64 (like), respectively. Meanwhile, the descriptive scale rating shows the panelists’ preference scores of color, aroma, and texture reached 3.62 (brown-yellow), 3.42 (slight aroma of pumpkin and soybeans sprouts), and 3.02 (slightly hard), respectively. The selected product contained 11.91% protein, 3.62% ash, 17.98% fat, 57.46 % carbohydrate, and 9.00% water. Based on the RDA for the interlude meal, the energy contribution of the T1 treatment was 122.90 kcal. The T1 treatment biscuit product was preferred by panelists. The protein and fat contents of the product met the national standard for biscuits. Keywords: substitution, pumpkin flour, soybean sprout flour, biscuitsABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mempelajari pengaruh substitusi tepung labu kuning (Cucurbita Moschata Duch) dan tepung kecambah kedelai (Glycine max L. Merr) terhadap penilaian organoleptik, kandungan gizi dan kontibusi zat gizi produk biskuit. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan berbagai presentase perlakuan substitusi tepung labu kuning dan tepung kecambah kedelai yaitu T0 (100% : 0% : 0%), T1 (50% : 45% : 5%, T2 (50% : 40% : 10%), T3 (50% : 35% : 15%), T4 (50% : 30% : 20%) dan T5 (50% : 25% : 25%). Hasil penelitian menunjukan substitusi tepung labu kuning dan tepung kecambah kedelai berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap karakteristik warna, aroma, rasa, dan tekstur. Perlakuan T1 merupakan perlakuan yang paling disukai panelis dengan skor penilain kesukaan terhadap warna sebesar 3,56 (suka), aroma sebesar 3,40 (agak suka), rasa sebesar 3,52 (suka) dan tekstur sebesar 3,64 (suka), sedangkan penilaian skala deskriptif yang disukai panelis terhadap parameter warna sebesar 3,62 (Kuning kecoklatan), aroma sebesar 3,42 (agak berbau khas labu kuning dan kecambah kedelai) dan untuk tekstur sebesar 3,02 (agak keras). Kadar protein sebesar 11,91%, kadar abu 3,62%, kadar lemak 17,98%, kadar karbohidrat 57,46% dan kadar air sebesar 9,00%. Berdasarkan AKG makanan selingan kontribusi energi perlakuan T1 yaitu 122,90 kkal. Produk biskuit perlakuan T1 dapat diterima dan lebih disukai panelis. Kadar air, abu dan karbohidrat tidak memenuhi standar SNI biskuit, sedangkan kadar protein dan lemak telah memenuhi standar SNI biskuit.Kata kunci: substitusi, tepung labu kuning, tepung kecambah kedelai, biskuit

A simple model to study wave-surge interaction

ABSTRACT. In this paper we have tried to set up a mathematical model that will show the contribution of wind-induced surface waves of the ocean, on surges in shallow basin of Bay of Bengal. For this, the energy balance equation, excluding non-linear forcing term, is considered and solved by Lax-Wendroff integration scheme. Wind is specified over all the grid points following Cardone' s formulation. The hydrodynamic equations in linearised form as used by Jelesnianski have been considered and using Shuman's algorithm, those equations have been solved. In the process of solving these equations, the output of the energy balance equation is included as wave set up term to incorporate energy contribution of wind waves to surges. The estimated surge height is compared with and without considering wave contribution.

Review—Reference Electrodes in Li-Ion and Next Generation Batteries: Correct Potential Assessment, Applications and Practices

This review provides an accessible analysis of the processes on reference electrodes and their applications in Li-ion and next generation batteries research. It covers fundamentals and definitions as well as specific practical applications and is intended to be comprehensible for researchers in the battery field with diverse backgrounds. It covers fundamental concepts, such as two- and three-electrodes configurations, as well as more complex quasi- or pseudo- reference electrodes. The electrode potential and its dependance on the concentration of species and nature of solvents are explained in detail and supported by relevant examples. The solvent, in particular the cation solvation energy, contribution to the electrode potential is important and a largely unknown issue in most the battery research. This effect can be as high as half a volt for the Li/Li+ couple and we provide concrete examples of the battery systems where this effect must be taken into account. With this review, we aim to provide guidelines for the use and assessment of reference electrodes in the Li-ion and next generation batteries research that are comprehensive and accessible to an audience with a diverse scientific background.

The Bloch point 3D topological charge induced by the magnetostatic interaction

A hedgehog or Bloch point is a point-like 3D magnetization configuration in a ferromagnet. Regardless of widely spread treatment of a Bloch point as a topological defect, its 3D topological charge has never been calculated. Here, applying the concepts of the emergent magnetic field and Dirac string, we calculate the 3D topological charge (Hopf index) of a Bloch point and show that due to the magnetostatic energy contribution it has a finite, non-integer value. Thus, Bloch points form a new class of hopfions—3D topological magnetization configurations. The calculated Bloch point non-zero gyrovector leads to important dynamical consequences such as the appearance of topological Hall effect.

Effect of sub-technique transitions on energy expenditure and physiological load in the classical-style technique among elite male cross-country skiers

Purpose To investigate whether sub-technique transitions in the classical-style technique are associated with increased energy expenditure and/or metabolic stress among elite male cross-country skiers. Methods Fifteen elite male skiers completed three 10-min treadmill roller-skiing tests, each of which consisted of 5 min using the diagonal-stride technique (DS) and 5 min using the double-poling technique (DP), combined in three various modes all ensuring comparable mechanical workload, at an inclination of 2.5° and a speed of 13 km/h. In the first and third tests, the participants used 5 min continuous DS followed by 5 min continuous DP, or vice versa (no transition (NT) test), whereas in the second test, they made transitions between DS and DP every 6 s (repeated transition (RT) test). The last 3 min of each 5-min stage was used to calculate the mean values of oxygen uptake ($${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ V ˙ O 2 ), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), metabolic rate (MR), mechanical work rate (MWR), and gross efficiency (GE). In addition, the pre–post-difference in blood lactate concentration (Ladiff) was determined for each test. Paired-samples t tests were used to investigate differences between tests. Results There were no significant differences between NT and RT tests regarding V̇O2, MR, MWR, or GE. Conversely, significant differences were found in RER and Ladiff, where the NT test was associated with higher RER and Ladiff values. Conclusions Roller skiing with repeated sub-technique transitions is not associated with an additional aerobic energy contribution; instead, the anaerobic energy contribution was lower compared to that under continuous use of DS and DP.