Generational differences in income trajectories in the Nordic welfare state

How much it matters for your income development what generation you happen to be born? We answer this question by using registers of the total population, we study generational income inequality during 1970–2018 and, for men and women in Finland. We follow the income trajectories of the cohorts born in 1920–1983 over their adult life course and observed, how certain structural factors explain differences in income trajectories. Our study expands state-of-the-art knowledge, as previous research has often bypassed the question of how much generational income differences explains of populations total income inequalities and what factors may explain the different generational income trajectories. Results show that overall generational income differences explained quarter for women and 6 percent for men total income inequality. Each successive cohort until 1980s had a higher average income trajectory. However, generation born in the 1980s has been falling behind. For both men and women, age structure and education were the most important factors associated with income inequality. On contrary to previous findings on Nordic welfare state, our results also indicate that, generational income trajectories are affected by economic shocks.

Cause and Socio-Economic Impact of Water Shortage on the Households of Laptsakha Community, Punakha

Water is indispensable for life since it is a basic need and is also important for economic activities. Although Bhutan has one of the highest per capita water resource availability in the world with 94,500 m3/capita/annum, the imbalance of geographical and temporal distributions is leading to experience of shortages in local areas.This study determined the shortage of water supply and its socio-economic impacts in Laptsakha community under Punakha,Bhutan.The semi structured questionnaires were distributed to the household of 74 following census method sampling.The result showed that the climate change had significant effect on water scarcity (R²=.208, p<.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between total income and total spent on buying food items (r=304, p<.05); however, there was no significant between total annual incomes and annual expenditure on materials to cope up water shortage (r=.209, p >.05). Ability to maintain hygiene was significantly affected by numbers of days the water was available in the tap per week H(2)=7.030, p<.05). The findings from the study also shows that due to decrease of water supply, it has adverse impacts on total annual income of the households and on their health.This study concluded that water shortage has adversely impact on socio economic of the people of Laptsakha Chiwog, which requires implementation of new strategies and actions towards allocating new source of water for households.

Impact of policies, strategies and agricultural institutions on food security and poverty status of vegetable farmers along the blue nile banks, Gezira State, Sudan (2017)

Having clear picture on food security status and its major determinants helps policy makers and planners to introduce new policies that enhance food security. The study was aimed to evaluate the impact of policies, strategies and institution on food security and poverty status of the vegetables farmers in Gezira State with reference to the Blue Nile farmers. To achieve these objectives stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from five localities lays along Blue Nile, so 150 farming households were interviewed. Food security Policy and strategy were collected by the mean of questionnaire targeting key line institutions. Poverty indices were calculated using expenditure as welfare indicator,Gini coefficient was applied. The results showed that the majority 75% of the respondents were above expenditure poverty line (7196)SDG. Moreover, the results showed that the poverty gap index was equal to five percent. Kamlin, Medani, East Gezira reported the higher expenditure distance from the poverty line (6 percent). The severity of poverty in the state is estimated to be two percent, likewise the severity of poverty in East Gezira was found to have a higher percentage (three percent). According to Gini coefficient the income distribution estimated at 0.46 while that for expenditure distribution is estimated at 0.31, these results showed a higher degree of inequality. The results showed that the poorest 20% of the population earned 0.06% of the total income while the richest 20% earned 45% of the total income. About 50.7% from the respondents use borrowing from others as one of their coping strategies. About 78%of policy makers said that there was organized team from all institutions dealing with food security and nutrition issue, all policy makers in the state said there was strategy concerning the food security and nutrition issues. The study recommended that the cash transfer needed to lift the poor out of poverty that each poor person needs five percent of the value of the poverty line.

The Evolution and Takeoff of the Ecuadorian Economic Groups

An economic group is a collection of parent and subsidiary corporations that operates as a single economic organism under the same legislature of control. The decisions taken by the economic groups in any country are among the most influential factors that impact its market and the country’s economic political scenario. This work studies the impact of the Ecuadorian economic groups from 2015 to 2019, where a historical peak of 300 economic groups was reached. However, the taxes representativeness of the Ecuadorian economic groups remained stable during the same period of analysis. We analyzed the financial and fiscal variables of the Ecuadorian ranking of firms, and detected the following of its economic groups: (i) They are still concentrating wealth despite the implementation of hard government policies to transparent the financial and economic information; (ii) They tend to compete in oligopolistic markets, given that their economic and financial decisions are interconnected with their family firms or consortium groups; (iii) They operate in a behavioral nature that follows a linear association between the total income, total assets, total equity, and total tax collection. We hope this work will serve as a future reference for researchers focused on the economic groups of Ecuador and Latin American countries.

Banking sector Performance Evaluation in Ethiopia for the Period of Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP-II): Private vs. Public Commercial Banks

The main objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia during the implementation of growth and transformation plan II. Moreover, determinants of financial performance were examined. The study was conducted using secondary data obtained from National Bank of Ethiopia, and official website of each commercial bank. Multiple panel regression and independent sample t-test were used to show the relationship and to compare the financial performance of commercial banks between the study periods. The ratio of non-interest expenses to total expense, log_net profit per employee, interest income to total income, and exchange rate were variables with positive and significant effect on the financial performance of commercial banks while log_total loans per branch and inflation affected negatively the financial performance measured by return on assets. Whereas, the ratio of debt to equity, log_net profit per employee, total liquid assets to total deposits, interest income to total income, and exchange rate have positive and significant impact while the ratio of loan loss provision to total loan, log_total loans per branch, and inflation negatively and significantly affected financial performance measured by ROE. The independent sample t-test shows that except the ratio of total loans to total deposits, and total capital to total assets the remaining variables did not show significant different between state and public owned banks.JEL classification: M14 M4 M1

MENGUAK EFEK PENURUNAN TARIF PAJAK PENGHASILAN DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This article explains the effect of lowering income tax rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. The government's role in maintaining economic stability is carried out by issuing fiscal policies, in terms of taxation, namely by reducing the Corporate Income Tax rate. This research intends to find out the results of a decrease in corporate income tax rates affecting a decrease in current taxes deposited into the state treasury, a decrease in the total income tax burden, and recording in the income statement financial statements. The informants of this research are members of the Tax Rules Update Forum. This type of qualitative research uses a netnography approach. The reduction in current taxes deposited into the state treasury benefits the company by minimizing the costs incurred for the obligation to deposit state taxes. Companies that have deferred tax liabilities receive deferred tax benefits recorded in the balance sheet account, so the total income tax expense has decreased. In recording the income statement, the company has deferred tax assets adding to the deferred tax expense. Deferred tax expense in profit or loss account.

Disease-related income and economic productivity loss in New Zealand: A longitudinal analysis of linked individual-level data

Background Reducing disease can maintain personal individual income and improve societal economic productivity. However, estimates of income loss for multiple diseases simultaneously with thorough adjustment for confounding are lacking, to our knowledge. We estimate individual-level income loss for 40 conditions simultaneously by phase of diagnosis, and the total income loss at the population level (a function of how common the disease is and the individual-level income loss if one has the disease). Methods and findings We used linked health tax data for New Zealand as a high-income country case study, from 2006 to 2007 to 2015 to 2016 for 25- to 64-year-olds (22.5 million person-years). Fixed effects regression was used to estimate within-individual income loss by disease, and cause-deletion methods to estimate economic productivity loss at the population level. Income loss in the year of diagnosis was highest for dementia for both men (US$8,882; 95% CI $6,709 to $11,056) and women ($7,103; $5,499 to $8,707). Mental illness also had high income losses in the year of diagnosis (average of about $5,300 per year for males and $4,100 per year for females, for 4 subcategories of: depression and anxiety; alcohol related; schizophrenia; and other). Similar patterns were evident for prevalent years of diagnosis. For the last year of life, cancers tended to have the highest income losses, (e.g., colorectal cancer males: $17,786, 95% CI $15,555 to $20,018; females: $14,192, $12,357 to $16,026). The combined annual income loss from all diseases among 25- to 64-year-olds was US$2.72 billion or 4.3% of total income. Diseases contributing more than 4% of total disease-related income loss were mental illness (30.0%), cardiovascular disease (15.6%), musculoskeletal (13.7%), endocrine (8.9%), gastrointestinal (7.4%), neurological (6.5%), and cancer (4.5%). The limitations of this study include residual biases that may overestimate the effect of disease on income loss, such as unmeasured time-varying confounding (e.g., divorce leading to both depression and income loss) and reverse causation (e.g., income loss leading to depression). Conversely, there may also be offsetting underestimation biases, such as income loss in the prodromal phase before diagnosis that is misclassified to “healthy” person time. Conclusions In this longitudinal study, we found that income loss varies considerably by disease. Nevertheless, mental illness, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal diseases stand out as likely major causes of economic productivity loss, suggesting that they should be prioritised in prevention programmes.

Cyprus Economy in the Light of Debt Problem

The model created by using the independent variables of total income, total capital, total savings, government expenditures, and employment, which I think has a significant impact on the growth of the Cyprus economy, has been examined in the light of the debt problem. Annual time-series data from 1995Q to 2017Q were obtained from the Cyprus State Planning Office in Cyprus. Unrestricted VAR (Vector Autoregression) model was used to test the causal relationship of the variables considered. Empirical findings revealed that some variables such as Wald test results for 78 lags, respectively, affect the GDP growth rate together. In particular, it was observed that there are bidirectional influences between employment, government expenditures, total capital, and savings which are not estimated in former studies. In addition, total income and total savings coefficients have a unidirectional influence on employment. It has been observed that the expenditure and savings coefficients also affect the total income.

Contribution of agroforestry on farmers’ income in Mapilli Polewali Subdistrict, West Sulawesi Province

Changes in land use from forests into agricultural land raises many problems such as land to be limited so that people use agroforestry patterns as sources of income. This study aims to determine the pattern of agroforestry management and calculate the contribution of agroforestry to the total income of farmers. This research is located in Landi Kanusuang Village, Mapilli Polewali District, West Sulawesi. The method of data was done thought using purposive sampling on 30 respondents and making a plot sample size of 20mx50m as much as 10 plots. Data is processed and analyzed with descriptive and quantitative methods. The results showed that the composition of the type of agroforestry system consists of 8 types of plants with agroforestry system where the vertical structure of the agroforestry garden stands 3 strata. Strata A with a height of > 15 m, Strata B with a height of 5-15 m and strata C with a height of 1-5 m. In addition, the average income was Rp. 18,831,743.743/year with agroforestry contribution to the total income of farmers of 76.14%.

Analisis Pendapatan Murabahah

This study aims to determine the level of development of murabahah margin income and determine the determination of murabahah financing margins at BMT Tamzis Cimahi Branch. In this study the authors conducted research using descriptive qualitative research methods with a case study approach, namely research conducted in depth about aspects of the social environment including humans in it, either individually, in groups, or in the environment around BMT Tamzis Cimahi branch. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the factors in determining the murabahah margin are based on the ceiling value and financing period and are analyzed using th e 5C + 1S analysis principle including character, capacity, capital, condition, collateral, and sharia and the level of income development in BMT. Tamzis Cimahi branch experienced ups and downs from year to year where it can be seen from 2012 to 2016 the average income was Rp.262,183,200 with a total income of Rp.1,310,916,000 with details in 2013 it decreased by Rp.19,026,000 and decreased again. in 2014 with a total decrease of IDR 184,655,000. however, in 2015 the murabahah contract at BMT Tamzis increased again by Rp. 117,193,000 and in 2016 it increased again from the previous year of Rp. 70,409,000. The determination of the murabahah financing margin at BMT Tamzis undergoes several stages including starting with fundraising, deposit contracts, BMT, financing products, goods and then setting margins to generate income for BMT and 'attayya.