Edible Mushroom significantly ameliorated Hepatorenal Toxicity of Butyl Paraben (BP) in Albino Rats.

Introduction: Parabens are used commonly as preservatives in a range of cosmetics applied to the under arm and breast area as well as popular preservatives because of their cost.Aim of the work: This study was done to evaluate the neprohepatic toxicity of parabens. Materials and methods: Thirty adult female rats were used and given paraben orally for six months at parabens at dose of 10 % of the LD50 equal to 4.6mg\kg.bw. Mushroom was given orally to at dose of 10 mg/kg/day for six months too. Results: Oral administration of BP induced biochemical and histopathological changes. Biochemical changes: BP toxicity manifested by changes in the liver and kidney function tests manifested by increase AST, ALT, Bilirubin, urea and createnine with decreases to plasma proteins in comparison to control group. Giving mushroom caused amelioration to the nephrohepatic toxicity by inducing recovery in liver and kidney functions in comparison to paraben treated group. For histopathological findings: BP induced vascular congestion in liver and kidney in association with necrotic changes in the hepatorenal epithelium which improved after mushroom treatment. Conclusion: BP induced hepatorenal toxicity which improved by mushroom treatment.

Sotrovimab: is it effective in early treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19 infections? A retrospective study

Background The monoclonal antibody sotrovimab is manufactured to antagonize many types of coronaviruses including the SARS-CoV-2. It is used mainly to treat mild and moderate COVID-19 infection and to prevent the progression of the disease from critical disease to severe. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of sotrovimab in the early treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19 infections and prevention of disease progression to severe and critical disease. Methods This study was performed on 220 outpatients who have already received sotrovimab in Obaidullah Hospital, United Arab Emirates. All patients underwent the following before receiving sotrovimab: routine laboratory studies (CBC, liver function tests, and kidney function tests) and other laboratory tests (C reactive protein (CRP), D dimer, and chest x-ray). All patients received sotrovimab in a dose of 500 mg once intravenous infusion over 30 min. All laboratory studies and CXR are repeated after 1 week of receiving the dose of sotrovimab. Results The outcome was 43 patients deteriorated (19.5%) and 177 patients improved (80.5%). The progress of patients’ symptoms after receiving sotrovimab where the shortness of breath (SOB) deteriorated in 43 patients (19.5%) and improved in 177 patients (80.5%). The cough symptom deteriorated in 43 patients (19.5%), improved in 177 patients (80.5%). The progress of patients' radiology (chest x-ray) where it is deteriorated in 43 patients (19.5%) and improved in 177 patients (80.5%). The rate of hospitalization after receiving sotrovimab where 41 patients were hospitalized (18.6%) and 179 patients were not hospitalized (81.4%). There was a statistically significant difference before and after using sotrovimab in vital signs, inflammatory markers, kidney function tests, electrolytes, endocrine functions, and hepatic profile. Conclusion Among adults with mild and moderate COVID-19, the use of sotrovimab significantly improved resolution of symptoms, outcome, radiology, or laboratory marker and decreased hospitalization. The findings support using sotrovimab in the early treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19. Wide-scale studies may be required for clarifying the effects of sotrovimab in the treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19 infections.

The Relationships of Interleukin-33, Ve-Cadherin and Other Physiological Parameters in Male Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic joint inflammatory disease that involves various pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. This study explores the correlation among various biochemical and immunological parameters for the male patients with RA and performs a predictive equation that would correlate these parameters together. The study involved 44 male patients suffering from RA with the same number of healthy controls. Consent was achieved for all patients and controls, together with a general examination including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and RF. Moreover, lipid profile, kidney function tests, specific enzymes and the following parameters have been detected, which were hypothesised to negatively impact RA disease such as TGF-β1, vitamin E, VE-cadherin, interleukin 33 and TIMP-1. Various enzymatic-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), spectroscopic, serological, and haematological methods were used to quantify these parameters. Our results have revealed a significant positive correlation between ESR, RF, VE-cadherin and vitamin E, specifically type α-tocopherol that are associated with the non-biochemical parameters such as BMI, waist length, hip length, thorax and age. The important parameters revealed correlated with RA were used to generate two predictive equations to help the physicians confirm whether a patient is diagnosed with RA directly. In addition, the study revealed some parameters that would have a positive effect on RA patients, such as TGF-β1, vitamin E and VE-cadherin, which have shown a decrease in their values compared to the controls. In contrast, other parameters showed an increase in RA patients, and therefore they can be useful biomarkers for RA disease.

Analysis of pH and electrolytes in blood and ruminal fluid, including kidney function tests, in sheep undergoing long-term surgical procedures

Background The physiology of sheep as small ruminants is remarkably different from monogastric animals especially regarding the forestomach system. Using sheep for surgical procedures during scientific research thereby presents an exceptional setting for the anaesthetist. Long-term anaesthesia generally demands deprivation of food to reduce the risk of bloat in sheep. This might influence the energy and electrolyte balance. In horses and companion animals, close monitoring of mean arterial blood pressure, capnography and blood gas analysis are common procedures during long-term surgery. However, few data are available on reference ranges for blood gas in sheep and these cover only short periods of anaesthesia. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no study available that includes the monitoring of electrolytes and pH in ruminal fluid and kidney function tests in sheep undergoing long term anaesthesia. Thereby, the aim of the present study was to gather data on blood parameters, and data on ruminal fluid and kidney function during long-term anaesthesia in sheep. Data were obtained from eight sheep undergoing the invasive surgical procedure of left pneumonectomy and auto-transplantation or isolated left lung perfusion. After a 19-h fasting period, the animals were administered xylazine and ketamine and then intubated and maintained in general anaesthesia under artificial ventilation using isoflurane in oxygen. Blood samples were evaluated during 9 h of anaesthesia; ruminal fluid and kidney function tests were evaluated during 7 h of anaesthesia. Results Blood parameters such as electrolytes and partial pressure of carbon dioxide revealed few changes, yet blood glucose decreased and beta-hydroxybutyric acid increased significantly. All animals showed an elevated arterial pH and bicarbonate concentration despite artificial ventilation. In ruminal fluid, the pH significantly decreased and no significant changes in electrolytes occurred. Kidney function tests revealed no significant changes in any of the animals. However, fractional excretion of water and phosphate was slightly increased. One animal showed severe complications due to hypokalaemia. Conclusion Invasive surgery under long-term anaesthesia in sheep is possible without great imbalances of arterial pH and electrolytes. Nevertheless, potassium concentrations should be monitored carefully, as a deficiency can lead to life-threatening complications. The operated sheep tended not to develop metabolic acidosis and the mean kidney function could be maintained within the physiological range throughout anaesthesia. However, slight elevations in renal fractional water and phosphate excretion could suggest an early tubular reabsorption dysfunction. In ruminal fluid, acidification occurred, though no significant changes were observed in l- and d-lactate levels or in electrolyte concentrations. To our knowledge, the role of the rumen in storing fluids and balancing electrolytes in the blood has not yet been documented during anaesthesia. However, the importance of the rumen for fluid equilibrium in sheep indicates the necessity for routine monitoring and further research.

Comparative Study of Serum Profile in Bitches Treated for Transmissible Venereal Tumor by Autohaemotherapy

A total of 18 bitches in the period in the period of six month diagnosed for transmissible venereal tumor in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Nagpur by per vaginal examination and vaginal cytology. These bitches were divided randomly into three groups, viz., Group I (Inj. Vincristine @ 0.025mg/kg slow IV in DNS and Injection Botropase 1ml IM for 1st week), Group II (Inj. Vincristine @ 0.025mg/kg slow IV in DNS and Tab. Amoxycillin and Potassium Clavinate for first 7 days orally) and Group III (treated with autohaemotherapy@10 ml whole blood IM) for once in week and continue for 5 week. At the time of treatment, liver and kidney function tests were performed. During the course of treatment significant variation was noted in Group I and II in BUN values while creatinine values changes significantly in all treatment groups. In case of SGPT only significant changes observed in Group I. Rest of the changes in serum prolife found to be non significant. Also from recovery point of view we noted that, it was faster in Group I and II compare than Group III. Side effects observed only in Group I and II. From the study we concluded that autohaemotherapy will be an alternate option for treatment of TVT in bitches who shows the excessive side effects of Vincristine Sulphate.

​Evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in Comparison to Taurine against Experimental Nephrotoxicity due to Cisplatin in Rats

Background: Cisplatin is one of the most remarkable solutions in ‘the war on cancer’. Although cisplatin has been a mainstay for cancer therapy, its use is mainly limited by nephrotoxicity. The current study was aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of Terminalia arjuna (TA) in comparison to taurine against cisplatin toxicity. Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats in each. Group 1 was normal control. Cisplatin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt was injected on day 1 to groups 2, 5 and 6. Aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia arjuna was administered orally @ 400 mg/kg b. wt to groups 3, 5 and Groups 4, 6 recieved taurine orally @ 1000 mg/kg b.wt for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from animals to assess Kidney function tests, oxidative stress and cytokines and renal tissues were examined for histological changes, if any. Result: Antioxidant profile, serobiochemical and cytokine parameters were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased and histopathological studies revealed degenerative changes and marked infiltration in the kidney of group 2 when compared to groups 1, 3 and 4. However, These changes were reversed in groups 5 and 6 that were administered with Terminalia arjuna and taurine, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation elucidated that both Terminalia arjuna and taurine have potent nephroprotective activity in cisplatin injected Wistar rats.

A Case Report on Mephentermine Induced Psychosis with Acute Liver & Kidney Injury

Background: Mephentermine is a sympathomimetic agent derived from methamphetamine. It is a commonly used drug for the treatment of hypotension during anaesthesia. Its abuse has markedly increased especially in the young population due to its stimulant properties and ability to boost performance in competitive sports or bodybuilding. Very few cases of Mephentermine dependence with or without psychosis have been reported from India and worldwide. Case Description: A 24-year-old male presented with a sudden onset of behavioural abnormalities a few hours following the use of Mephentermine. He was very agitated and restless. On physical examination, tachycardia, elevated BP and bilaterally dilated pupils were found. His symptoms remitted within a few hours of using Injection Haloperidol 10 mg with Lorazepam 4 mg once. He was found to have grossly deranged liver and kidney function tests. There was no past and family history of any psychiatric illness. No past history of any physical illness. Conclusion: No previous report of mephentermine induced psychosis with acute kidney and liver injury has been reported in the literature. Cases such as this may be common among the general public. Long term follow-up is required to know the course and outcome in such unusual cases.

Protective effects of resveratrol on kidney function tests and renal histopathology in carbon tetrachloride-induced renal toxicity in rats

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective effect of Resveratrol, which has a strong antioxidant effect on kidney tissues of rats experimentally induced with carbon tetrachloride with nephrotoxicity, by kidney function tests and histopathology. For this purpose, 32 male Wistar Albino rats were used. The subjects were randomly selected, 1st group control, 2nd group CCl4, 3rd group Resveratrol. The 4th group was divided into 4 groups as CCl4 + Resveratrol. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and kidney samples were taken in 10% formalin solution for histopathological analysis. In the histopathological examination, it was found that the rats in the control and Resveratrol groups had normal kidney histological structure. In CCI4 group, severe hydropic degeneration in tubules epithelium, mild coagulation necrosis in tubules epithelium and severe hyperemia in the vessels were observed. When kidney tissues of rats were examined in CCI4 + Resveratrol group, mild hydropic degeneration in tubules epithelium and mild hyperemia in vessels were observed. When the kidney tissues of the rats in the Resveratrol group were examined, it was observed that they had a normal histological appearance. As a result, it was determined that Resveratrol has a protective effect on kidney damage caused by CCI4.

Effect of nigella sativa oil sup plementation on kidney function tests, glycemic parameters, oxidative stress, inflammation, quality of life and depression status in diabetic hemodialysis patients; study protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled trial

Background and objectives: The kidney is probably the most crucial target of microvascular damage in diabetes, which can ultimately eventuate end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hemodialysis is the most usual way of renal replacement therapy in ESRD. Patients receiving hemodialysis are susceptible to many complications like hyperglycemia, inflammation, depression, anxiety, and poor quality of life. So, they constrained to consume many drugs. Medicinal herbs are used in different cultures as a reliable source of natural remedies. This study aims to determine the efficacy of Nigella sativa (NS) oil supplementation on blood glucose, kidney function tests, inflammation, oxidative stress, quality of life, and depression in hemodialysis patients.Methods and analysis: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial will enroll 46 patients with diabetes mellitus who give hemodialysis thrice a week. Patients who have an inflammatory or infectious disease, and who receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, will be excluded. Patients will be randomized to the treatment and control group, which will be recommended using two soft gel of NS and paraffin oil, respectively. Laboratory tests will be assessed at baseline and end of the study, including fasting blood sugar, glycated albumin, insulin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urea, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, high sensitive C reactive protein, and 24-hour urine volume. Also, the kidney disease and quality of life and hospital anxiety and depression scale questionnaires will be evaluated.Ethics and dissemination: According to our knowledge no sever adverse effect have been reported. The protocol was found to be in accordance to the ethical principles and national norm standard for conducting medical research in Iran (IR.TBZMED.REC.1399.109). Both positive and negative findings will be reported.Trial registration: Iranian registry of clinical trials: IRCT20200411047027N1. Registered on 31 may 2020, https://fa.irct.ir/user/trial/48113/view