bodily movements
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2021 ◽  
pp. 43-73
Author(s):  
Jordan Schonig

This chapter examines “habitual gestures”—everyday bodily movements, such as walking or sitting, that are ingrained as muscle memory—as a form of motion associated with postwar realist cinema. Closely reading scenes of ordinary household activities in Umberto D (De Sica, 1952), Best Years of Our Lives (Wyler, 1946), and Mouchette (Bresson, 1967), this chapter shows how an aesthetics of habitual gestures compels one to attend to the invisible bodily movements between and within willed actions. In doing so, this motion form foregrounds the body’s nonconscious and automatic ways of moving. Reading such gestures alongside the notion of “bodily habit” in the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, this chapter ultimately troubles Gilles Deleuze’s notion of the time-image as the dominant lens through which the postwar aesthetics of laboring bodies is understood.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (ISS) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Koichi Araake ◽  
Michinari Kono ◽  
Eiji Iwata ◽  
Norio Sasaki

Designing embodied playfulness has been explored as a method for problem-solving. However, when thinking about deploying such an approach in public space activities, we often face many limitations regarding safety and ambiance, especially for bodily movements and behavior. To explore and address the challenges of deploying playfulness with restrained bodily movements in public spaces, we present a case study of an escalator augmented with auditory and visual feedback. An escalator in a public shopping mall has many limitations that require careful consideration in the design to maintain safety and avoid mistakes. We describe the challenges of our design strategy in order to complete the installation of a public escalator over five days. The results show that our approach significantly encouraged people to use the escalator, and also improved their manner of using it. Our work presents a successful method of treating the balance of social limitations and enjoyment that can affect human behavior in positive ways.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-212
Author(s):  
Mattia Furlan ◽  
Anna Spagnolli

Background: In recent years, psychological studies with virtual reality have increasingly involved some eEmbodiment tTechnique (ET) in which the users’ bodily movements are mapped on the movements of a digital body. However, this domain is very fragmented across disciplines and plagued by terminological ambiguity. Objective: This paper provides a scoping review of the psychological studies deploying some ET in VR. Methods: A total of 742 papers were retrieved from Scopus and the ACM Digital library using “embodiment” and “virtual reality” as keywords; after screening them, 79 were eventually retained. From each study, the following information was extracted: (a) the content of the virtual scenario, (b) the extent of the embodiment, and (c) the scientific purpose and measure of the psychological experience of embodiment. This information is summarized and discussed, as well as reported in tabular format for each study. Results: We first distinguished ET from other types of digital embodiment. Then we summarized the ET solutions in terms of the completeness of the digital body assigned to the user and of whether the digital body's appearance resembled the users' real one. Finally, we report the purpose and the means of measuring the users’sense of embodiment. Conclusion: This review maps the variety of embodiment configurations and the scientific purpose they serve. It offers a background against which other studies planning to use this technique can position their own solution and highlight some underrepresented lines of research that are worth exploring.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-212
Author(s):  
Mattia Furlan ◽  
Anna Spagnolli

Background: In recent years, psychological studies with virtual reality have increasingly involved some eEmbodiment tTechnique (ET) in which the users’ bodily movements are mapped on the movements of a digital body. However, this domain is very fragmented across disciplines and plagued by terminological ambiguity. Objective: This paper provides a scoping review of the psychological studies deploying some ET in VR. Methods: A total of 742 papers were retrieved from Scopus and the ACM Digital library using “embodiment” and “virtual reality” as keywords; after screening them, 79 were eventually retained. From each study, the following information was extracted: (a) the content of the virtual scenario, (b) the extent of the embodiment, and (c) the scientific purpose and measure of the psychological experience of embodiment. This information is summarized and discussed, as well as reported in tabular format for each study. Results: We first distinguished ET from other types of digital embodiment. Then we summarized the ET solutions in terms of the completeness of the digital body assigned to the user and of whether the digital body's appearance resembled the users' real one. Finally, we report the purpose and the means of measuring the users’sense of embodiment. Conclusion: This review maps the variety of embodiment configurations and the scientific purpose they serve. It offers a background against which other studies planning to use this technique can position their own solution and highlight some underrepresented lines of research that are worth exploring.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Doi ◽  
Naoya Iijima ◽  
Akira Furui ◽  
Zu Soh ◽  
Kazuyuki Shinohara ◽  
...  

Early intervention is now considered the core treatment strategy for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Thus, it is of significant clinical importance to establish a screening tool for the early detection of ASD in infants. To achieve this goal, in a longitudinal design, we analysed spontaneous bodily movements of 4-month-old infants and assessed their ASD-like behaviours at 18 months of age. Infants at high risk for ASD at 18 months of age exhibited less rhythmic and weaker bodily movement patterns at 4 months of age than low-risk infants. When the observed bodily movement patterns were submitted to a machine learning-based analysis, linear and non-linear classifiers successfully predicted ASD-like behaviour at 18 months of age based on the bodily movement patterns at 4 months of age, at the level acceptable for practical use. This suggests the utility of the proposed method for the early screening of infants at risk for ASD.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nona Arezehgar

<div>The hegemony of vision and the suppression of other sensory realms has led to an architecture distanced from the human body. Undoubtedly, vision has the ability to receive the greatest amount of information from our surroundings; hence, it has been considered as primary to our perception. However, its interconnection with other bodily sensations is essential to perceive the totality of space; this connection also compensates for the limitations of sight. The purpose of this critique is not to demonize visuality; it is to consider the rhizomatic and interconnected nature of haptic perception of space. Approaching corporeality results in haptic spaces that enhance or suppress our bodily experience of spatial qualities while sharpening our visual experience. A haptic space will introduce more possibilities for bodily actions by focusing on spatiality, unifying the architecture of the foreground with the background. The concept of spatiality merges space and movement of the body, and therefore it can support or suppress the actions. These actions are subjectively performed based on perceived spatial opportunities through haptic perception. The thesis is intended to explore possibilities embedded within haptic space to create a richer architectural experience. It will explore the spatial interconnections between haptic perception, somatosensory system, vision and consequently bodily movements.</div>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nona Arezehgar

<div>The hegemony of vision and the suppression of other sensory realms has led to an architecture distanced from the human body. Undoubtedly, vision has the ability to receive the greatest amount of information from our surroundings; hence, it has been considered as primary to our perception. However, its interconnection with other bodily sensations is essential to perceive the totality of space; this connection also compensates for the limitations of sight. The purpose of this critique is not to demonize visuality; it is to consider the rhizomatic and interconnected nature of haptic perception of space. Approaching corporeality results in haptic spaces that enhance or suppress our bodily experience of spatial qualities while sharpening our visual experience. A haptic space will introduce more possibilities for bodily actions by focusing on spatiality, unifying the architecture of the foreground with the background. The concept of spatiality merges space and movement of the body, and therefore it can support or suppress the actions. These actions are subjectively performed based on perceived spatial opportunities through haptic perception. The thesis is intended to explore possibilities embedded within haptic space to create a richer architectural experience. It will explore the spatial interconnections between haptic perception, somatosensory system, vision and consequently bodily movements.</div>


2021 ◽  
pp. 82-111
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon

This chapter describes differences between passive and active brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). It explains how active BCIs enable users to move a prosthetic arm or limb, or a computer cursor, and gives them a certain degree of control over these movements. There is shared control between the user and the interface, and this restores the user’s capacity for agency. In normal voluntary bodily movements, one does not have to think about performing them. In BCI-mediated movements, the user must plan how to use the system in activating and directing brain signals to the computer to perform them. There are two intentions: intending to perform an action; and intending to perform it with a BCI. There are two mental acts: activating and directing signals to the computer to produce the motor output. The fact that there are two intentions and two mental acts resulting in a physical movement could motivate a revision of moral and legal criteria of responsibility for BCI users. It could influence judgements of responsibility for actions, omissions, and their consequences.


2021 ◽  
pp. 394-404
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dancy

This paper starts by considering an interesting argument of H. A. Prichard’s against the view that to act is to cause a change; the argument is that causing is not an activity. The argument is important because of the recent emergence of an ‘agent-causation’ view according to which actions are the causing of changes by agents. The author suggests a way of responding to Prichard’s argument, and then, profiting from one of his own conclusions, turns to consider the relation between neurophysiological changes and the causation of bodily movement by the agent. The paper makes a suggestion about the proper way to understand the relation between the neurophysiological changes, the bodily movements and the action.


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