Pihon yŏsŏng – New Lifestyle and New Choices for Marriage and Unmarried Life in South Korea

In recent decades, the term pihon has become widely used among young Koreans, and it actually refers to a growing tendency: more and more men and women choose not to marry, even if this goes against the traditional social norms and the expectations of society. There are social, economic and psychological factors that influence this decision. For Koreans in their 20’s it is not easy to find stable employment; thus they tend to marry later and to have their first child when they are already in their 30s. As for having children, we should note that the birth rate in South Korea is extremely low; something that the government too finds alarming. However, it is difficult to encourage young people to have more children, since uncertainty about employment, poor support for mothers, high tuition fees and gender roles all affect this life-changing decision. The pihon, people who choose not to marry, have a very different lifestyle: members of the group prefer to focus on their careers, their independent lives and their own way of living. It is interesting that society’s view is – albeit slowly – also changing, and this attitude is more and more widely accepted, even though the older generations would prefer the traditional family structure. Of course, singles have to face problems such as loneliness, but they tend to think of it as “convenient” rather than “sad”. There is a notable paradox in Korean society – traditional concepts are still powerful in the 21st century, but circumstances can no longer ensure the conditions to support them. This causes misunderstandings and a wide gap between generations.

The Determinant of Student Decision to Continue Their Study on Postgraduate Sharia Economic Study Program of Uin Alauddin Makassar

This research aims to examine and partially and simultaneously the effects of (1) socialization, (2) study program accreditation, (3) tuition fees, and (4) job opportunities for students' decisions to continue their education on Postgraduate Sharia Economic Study Program of UIN Alauddin Makassar. This research is an ex-post facto research that examines causal associative relationships with a quantitative approach. The sampling technique is done by proportional random sampling. Techniques of analysis and processing of research data using multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that socialization partially does not have an effect, study program accreditation has a positive and significant effect, tuition fees has a positive and significant effect, and job opportunities do not have an effect, and simultaneously socialization, accreditation, tuition fees, and job opportunities have effect on students' decisions to continue their education in the Postgraduate Sharia Economic Study Program of UIN Alauddin Makassar. It indicates that the all factors in this study can be determined as the factors for the students to choose Postgraduate Sharia Economic Study Program in UIN Alauddin Makassar; thus, in order to increase the decisions of other students, the university needs to increase aspects that this research has been conducted. The recommendation for future researchers is conducting research with other variables to know other reasons and aspects of students to continue their study at Postgraduate Sharia Economic Study Program of UIN Alauddin Makassar.

Identifying and addressing differential Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic student experiences at a post-1992 institution

The University of Brighton commissioned a university-wide study to identify some of the factors contributing to the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic degree awarding gap at UK Higher Education Institutions from the perspective of the students that it impacts. An Action Research focus-group approach was used to inform the planning for the institutional 2020–2025 Access and Participation Plan and an application for the Advance HE Race Equality Charter. This project focused on students who were identified as British and/or qualified for home (UK-resident) tuition fees. This paper presents the positive and negative factors identified from the focus groups as having a potential impact on the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic student experience. Findings are separated into two categories, the academic student experience and the non-academic student experience, and the paper highlights those factors which were consistent across the institution's provision. The paper also discusses the multifaceted, whole-institution approach which has been taken in response to these findings and the principles underpinning the actions and interventions. Final remarks share reflections on the learning, both at an institutional and sector-level, and next steps that the University of Brighton intends to take to improve the student experience and address degree awarding gaps.

Management Efforts of Muhammadiyah Middle School Management in Sidoarjo in the Covid-19 Era

The assessment method used in this research is a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interviews and FGD with ten informants, namely the Head of Muhammadiyah Middle School in Sidoarjo. The data analysis technique uses three steps in collecting research results, namely data reduction (data reduction), data presentation (data display), and drawing and testing conclusions or verification. The results of this study are as follows: The school anticipates students who do not have Learning From Home (BDR) support facilities, limited internet access and financial constraints by setting up tabs provided at school, these tabs can be used by students to do assignments. The strategies applied are very diverse, including: Allocating teacher supervision funds for other needs, providing motivation and stimulus so that teachers can deliver learning optimally, collaborating with filmmakers to make learning videos, holding MSG (Morning Spiritual Gathering) activities or referred to as Ngaji, Briefing, and Berinfaq, while also seeking donations for students to pay tuition fees. Implementation of short-term and long-term plans: looking for a learning format that can be maximized, trying to foster parental trust in the school, trying to build communication with students and parents through activities that support education, collaborating with parents so as to foster an understanding that shared responsibility, focus on learning that is important for students' self-development, and improve the technological capabilities of students and teachers to be able to innovate in each other's learning.

Inequality and the Human Right to Tuition-Free Higher Education: Mobilizing Human Rights Law in the German Movement against Tuition Fees

Why do activists employ international human rights law in domestic policy disputes and to what effect? Can international human rights law play an important role in cases where its direct application and justiciability by domestic courts is questionable? This study considers these questions in the area of socioeconomic rights by analyzing the mobilization of human rights law in the German social movement against tuition fees. Whereas legal mobilization theory is broadly concerned with the invocation of law on behalf of political demands, this article emphasizes discursive opportunity structures and vernacularization to make sense of which rights are adopted, why, and with what impact. I draw on content analysis of movement and political party documents, court decisions, and news reports as well as semi-structured interviews and participant observation. I find that activists in Germany were not naive about human rights. Instead, activists invoked human rights to resist political elites’ framing of education as a private good and students as consumers and to broaden the issue to include social inclusion and justice throughout the German education system. The mobilization of human rights law also was an effective means by which activists generated media attention and pressured politicians.