Biochemical indicators of woody plants in the diagnosis of air condition

It is found that anthropogenic pollution has a significant effect on the change in the content of total nitrogen, glutathione and vitamin E, which increases the resistance of woody plants to stress. A series of woody plants with regard to their sensitivity to aerosol pollution has been compiled: according to the degree of decrease in total nitrogen – Picea abies > Thuja occidentalis > Syringa vulgaris > Acer platanoides > Tilia cordata > Sorbus aucuparia; the degree of decrease in glutathione content – Picea abies > Thuja occidentalis > Syringa vulgaris > Acer platanoides > Tilia cordata > Sorbus aucuparia; the degree of decrease in the content of vitamin E – Picea abies > Thuja occidentalis > Sorbus aucuparia > Tilia cordata > Syringa vulgaris > Acer platanoides. A positive correlation was revealed between the biochemical parameters of woody plants and the monitoring complex indices proposed by the Russian meteorological service. A close direct regression dependence of the air pollution index and the average stability coefficient for the content of total nitrogen, vitamin E and glutathione in the biomass of model woody plants was revealed: with an increase in the degree of air pollution, the average stability coefficient for certain biochemical indicators increases.

Features of formation of parks-monuments of lanscape art of the second half of the XX century of Ukrainian Polissia

The formation of park-monuments of landscape art was analyzed from a historical perspective. In the second half of the twentieth century, two national and nine local park-monuments of landscape art were created in Ukrainian Polissya. The purpose of PMLA is the protection and the preservation of the most prominent and valuable examples of park construction in order to use them for aesthetic, educational, scientific, environmental and health purposes. By the placement in the planning structure of inhabited localities are defined city, village and district parks. The motivation for the creation of parks was the preservation, reproduction and enrichment of tree diversity in the conditions of the Ukrainian Polissya. In the parks were planted technical, fast-growing, rare species, and species of woody plants valuable for forestry and landscape gardening with their subsequent use for scientific and economic purposes. Some of the plantations in the parks were memorable, anniversary, or dedicated to significant events (the anniversary of the October Revolution and the birthday of V.I. Lenin). In Ukrainian Polissya, there are three parks created on the basis of existing oak plantations “Klevanskyi Park”, “Park Antonivka”, “Bondaretskyi”); one - on the basis of man-made plantations with Acer platanoides L., Carpinus betulus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Tilia cordata Mill. (“Ovrutskyi”); three parks of culture and recreation (“Horodnianskyi”, “Vysokivskyi”, “Slovianskyi”) including a meadow park (“Slovianskyi”), a children's park (“Bondaretskyi”), three arboretums (“Dubechnenskyi”, “Bairak”, “Novostavskyi dendropark”, “Zhornivskyi”), which were transformed over time, or which were granted the status of PMLA. By the size, PMLA were small, medium, and large with star, axial, fan, loop, cross-shaped and combined planning structures. In four PMLA, there were man-made and natural reservoirs, and a fountain. Five parks were combined (memorial and park of culture and rest); there were concentrated memorial complexes, monuments, and an obelisk. Plantings of parks are represented by groups, solitairs, alleys, ordinary plantings, hedges, and sometimes by groves and massifs. On the territory of 11 PMLA grew 178 species of woody plants, with 121 of them being included to the IUCN Red List. In 4 parks, since their creation the number of species increased by 75–129%; in 6 parks tree diversity decreased, with 29 to 87% of tree plant species remaining, among them 66–94% of trees were rare. 11 PMLA are valuable centers of tree diversity and unique plantings of Ukrainian Polissya; and an example of the formation of didactic, ethnographic, memorial, children's, culture and recreation, and combined parks that need further protection and expansion of the area and collection. Some parks are in need of planting reconstruction.

Phytosanitary assessment of plantings of the memorial site “Klyny” of the “Oleksandria” dendropark of NAS of Ukraine

A phytosanitary inspection of the tree plantations of the memorial composition “integral prismatiod”. The affection of tree diseases was established visually in the presence of pathologies. In the examination of Fraxinus excelsior was used the method proposed by T. Kowalski et al, 2010. 43% of trees are healthy, about 30% of trees have minor pathologies, 21% of trees are very weak, 6% of trees are dry or withering. The main diseases were rot, necrosis and cancer, drying of the crown. The most dangerous disease was halar necrosis of Fraxinus excelsior, which led to the drying up of a large number of trees and affected half of the living trees. The prognosis of Fraxinus excelsior plantations is unfavorable. A change of dominant breeds will take place on the site, Acer platanoides will take the dominant position.

ECOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL SPECIFICS OF SOIL AND PLANT COVERING OF URBAN LANDSCAPES (IN THE TOWN OF BROVARY AS AN EXAMPLE)

The results of the pollutants content research in urbanized landscapes soils of Ukraine (on the example of Brovary city, Kyiv region) were shown. The total and mobile contents data of chemical elements (Ni, Co, Zn, V, Pb, Cr, Cu) were obtained and analyzed using the methods of landscape-geochemical studies, analytical and statistical methods. The dependences of the vegetation resistance in cities to the level of soil cover contamination and the degree of heavy metals income have been established. The geochemical characteristics (such as the value of the accumulation coefficients; concentration of soil and vegetation cover; index of biogeochemical activity of the species within Brovary city) were analyzed. Throughout most of the city territory, the level of soil contamination is above average. Soils are characterized by the following association of heavy metals: Cu> Pb> Zn> Co> Cr> V> Mo> Mn> Ni. The dominant association is distributed heterogeneous throughout the city, forming geochemical anomalies depending on the source of contamination. The maximum technogenic load was recorded in urban soils areas within zones of transport infrastructure, production and communal-warehouse facilities.Woody vegetation is the most actively absorbed copper, manganese from the soil, and the least intensively absorbed chromium, vanadium and nickel. The biogeochemical activity coefficient of the research species is the following: Acer platanoides - 7,26, Betula pendula Roth. - 7,07, and Populus deltoides - 7,05, Pínus sylvestris - 1.32 and Alnus incana - 3.37. The biological absorption coefficients of manganese and copper are high because these metals have the ability to form strong complexes with organic matter. Biological absorption coefficients of vanadium and chromium is low for the researched plant species because these chemical elements are immobile in soils. For the city of Brovary, the presence of polyelemental contamination of soil and vegetation has been established. According to the indicators of the gross content of VM, the main pollutants are Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn. Concentrations of gross and mobile forms of VM exceed background values ​​and maximum concentration limits in 17-28 times. The maximum of man-caused load was recorded in the urban soils of the transport infrastructure zone and the zone of production and communal-warehouse facilities. Regularities of formation of elemental composition of plants of urban areas undergo significant changes in comparison with natural conditions, which is due to the strengthening of the role of foliar absorption of pollutants from the air and their high content in soils. The greatest ability to bioaccumulate has a male thyroid (Dryopteris filix-mas Schott) and birch (Convolvulus arvensis). The highest coefficient of biogeochemical activity of the studied species is Acer platanoides - 7.26, hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.) - 7.07 and Canadian poplar (Populus deltoides) - 7.05, the lowest - Scots pine (Pínus sylvеstris ) - 1.32 and gray alder (Alnus incana) - 3.37. Weakly and very weakly, most of the studied plant species capture vanadium and chromium, which are relatively sedentary in the soil. Further research is needed to analyze the physicochemical parameters of soils, the coefficients of transition of metals to plants relative to their content in organic and mobile form in order to establish the relationships that characterize the process of translocation of chemical elements. Keywords: landscape-geochemical conditions, heavy metals, soils, vegetation.

Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) demonstrate different patterns of genetic variation within and among populations on the eastern border of distribution ranges

Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) is a key species of broadleaved forests whose population genetics is poorly studied using modern genetic tools. We used ISSR analysis to explore genetic diversity and differentiation among 10 Russian populations on the eastern margin of the species range of distribution, and to compare the revealed patterns with the results of our population genetic studies of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). In the first set comparatively high heterozygosity and allelic diversity were found (expected heterozygosity H_E = 0.160 ± 0.033, number of alleles n_a = 1.440 ± 0.080, effective number of alleles n_e = 1.271 ± 0.062) in comparison with strongly fragmented and geographically isolated small maple stands of the second set (H_E = 0.083 ± 0.011, n_a = 1.281 ± 0.031, n_e = 1.136 ± 0.019). A relatively high genetic differentiation among populations was detected (the proportion of the inter-population component of total genetic variation, G_ST = 0.558 ± 0.038). In the Cis-Urals, local groups of populations that are confined to the northern, middle and southern parts of the Urals were identified. On the contrary, the current significant fragmentation of the pedunculate oak distribution area in the same study area did not lead to any noticeable genetic differentiation among the majority of populations, the values of the population genetic diversity were very similar in different parts of the Southern Urals.

Assessment of adaptive capacity of native and adventive species of trees and shrubs in Dnipro region

Nowadays, deterioration and loss of ecological functions of urban tree and shrub plantations take place in Europe and, in particular, in Ukraine; it was noted that their number is insufficient to counteract the negative impact of global climate change and protect the population against industrial pollution effects. The issue of resistance of native and adventitious tree species used in the plantations of industrial cities remains relevant; it necessitates the assessment of physiological and biochemical aspects of their adaptation to extreme environmental factors, such as moisture limit in the steppe zone, periodic dangerously low winter temperatures and anthropo-technogenic load (in large urban agglomerations). In order to optimize the assortment of tree species of large megalopolises of the steppe zone of Ukraine and determine their potential resistance to anthropogenic pressures the study was conducted in conditionally clean forest biogeocenoses of the Samara River levee zone and in artificial plantations on the territories located in the coastal zone of the Dnipro River within 1500 m from the Prydneprovskaya thermal electric station (PTES, Dnipro city). It well known that the TPP is the source of atmospheric air pollution by such heavy metals as lead and cadmium. A study of the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes in leaves of native and adventive tree species showed that in the zone of Prydneprovskaya TES impact there was an increase of guaiacol peroxidase activity in Acer platanoides, Ulmus minor, Morus alba; benzidine peroxidase in Acer negundo, Ulmus laevis, Acer platanoides; catalase in A. platanoides, A. negundo, U. laevis, Ulmus pumila and Robinia pseudoasasia. High peroxidase activity, which is complemented by higher catalase activity, indicates the relative resistance of these species to atropo-technogenic pressures supported by antioxidant defense mechanisms. Total chlorophyll content (Chla + Chlb) in leaves of native species Ulmus laevis, Acer platanoides and adventive Morus alba decreased in the zone of TPP impact in relation to conditionally clean areas. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in contaminated areas significantly increased in leaves of native species Ulmus laevis, Ulmus minor, Acer platanoides compared with control. The invasive species Acer negundo, Morus alba, Ulmus pumila had no significant changes in this indicator. In invasive species such as Ulmus pumila, Acer negundo there was an increase in leaf mass, which may indicate adaptation of these species to anthropogenically altered growth conditions.

Natural regeneration features of broad-leaved species under the canopy of coniferous stands in forest-steppe conditions

The age structure of the undergrowth was studied using the technique of constructing the age spectra of the adoles-cent population, which revealed the regularities of the natural pine recovery process. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the broad-leaved species renewal under the coniferous (pine) plantations canopy in forest-steppe conditions using the example of the Belgorod region. The research was carried out on 21 test areas using standard silvicultural techniques to assess natural regeneration effectiveness. Quercus robur L. and Ulmus laevis Pall. prevail among deciduous species in the second layer. Tilia cordata Miill, Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer platanoides L., Acer compestre L. reach less than 12%. (Betula pendula Ehrh., Populus tremula L.). The average number of young growth does not exceed 2000-2500 trees per hectare where the ones of medium height prevail (50%) and small height trees reach 22%. In the considered pine stands, Quercus robur L. young growth occurs more often. There is a growth that appeared from dormant buds at the root neck after the death of the seed unit. Units of normal vitality are found only among young growth younger than 5 years old or in communities with a disturbed stand structure.

Зміни лісомеліоративної складової протиерозійних заходів на прикладі ділянки з контурно-меліоративною організацією території

Мета. Визначення функціональних змін лісомелі-оративної складової частини протиерозійних заходівна прикладі п’яти лісосмуг, що розташовані на схи-ловій ділянці з контурно-меліоративною організацієютериторії в умовах Північного Степу України. Методи.Порівняльний та ретроспективний – для обробленнярізночасових космічних зображень території дослі-джень для виявлення змін у структурі лісомеліора-тивних заходів в умовах регіонального ландшафтуПівнічного Степу. Як картографічну основу використо-вували топографічні карти М 1:10 000, а подальшу їхобробку й інтерпретацію проводили за допомогою ГІС-програм на кшталт ARC-GIS®, QGIS®. За результатамиобробки даних планували визначення ділянок лісосмугіз пошкодженою та відсутньою функціональною части-ною. Оціночний метод визначення стану деревних поріду захисних насадженнях за класифікацією їхньої життє-діяльності для умов степу та напівпустелі. Результати.Виявлено зміни лісомеліоративної складової частинипротиерозійних заходів у вигляді доповнення рос-линності лісомеліоративних насаджень дикорослоюпорослю таких деревних порід, як: ясень пенсильван-ський (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica), в’яз приземкуватий(Ulmus Pumila), клен ясенелистий (Acer Platanoides).Поросль дикорослих чагарникових порід була представ-лена кленом татарським (Acer Tataricum) та жимолостютатарською (Lonicera Tatarica). Зафіксовано зменшенняфункціональної частини приплакорної лісосмуги у верх-ній частині схилу на 82%, а лісосмуг у нижній частинісхилу на 56 та 59% відповідно. Оцінено життєздатністьта життєстійкість лісомеліоративних заходів за середнімбалом та встановлено відповідність проєктній доку-ментації лише двох лісосмуг, розташованих у середнійчастині схилу. Висновки. Оцінивши зміни лісомеліо-ративної складової частини протиерозійних заходів наприкладі робочої ділянки з контурно-меліоративноюорганізацією території, можна говорити про недостатнюїї захищеність від прояву водних ерозійних процесів. З метою запобігання змиву ґрунту на зазначеній тери-торії запропоновано провести доповнення або віднов-лення наявних лісомеліоративних заходів, організуватидодаткові агротехнічні й організаційно-господарські про-тиерозійні заходи.

ВІКОВА СТРУКТУРА ПІДРОСТУ CARPINUS BETULUS L. У КУЛЬТУРФІТОЦЕНОЗАХ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ДЕНДРОЛОГІЧНОГО ПАРКУ «СОФІЇВКА» НАН УКРАЇНИ

The issue of preserving the dendrological structure in historical parks requires the implementation of a number of agronomic measures aimed at ensuring the decorative and durability of plant communities. The plants of Carpinus betulus L. are included in the vast majority of deciduous plantations of the National Dendrological Park «Sofiyivka» of NASU, form the stands with the participation of Quercus robur L., Acer platanoides L., Acer campestre L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. The question of self-recovery of C. betulus plants in the park is relevant in connection with natural waste and active reduction of its viability identified over the past 10 years. The analysis of the success of natural regeneration of aboriginal plants in the cultural phytocenoses of the National Dendrological Park «Sofiyivka» of NASU has been conducted. As a result of the survey of the dendrological structure, viability of the young growth of the main structure-forming species under the stand was revealed. The prospects of replacing senile plants of C. betulus with the younger generation have been outlined. The young growth of C. betulus is 4.5% of the total number of viable undergrowth in the test plots, which is significantly less compared to A. platanoides – 64.5 % and A. campestre – 20. 7%. There is a sufficient number of viable virginile and young generative plants of C. betulus, which in future is able to form a stand. Prospects for natural regeneration of plants of the C. betulus species are average, similar in quantitative and age characteristics to plants of the Fraxinus excelsior L. The number of virginile plants is 0.5 %, and young generative – 0.1 %, compared with A. platanoides and A. campestre, the results are more than 10 times lower for virginile and 2 times – for young generative plants, which indicates a weak competitiveness of the young growth of C. betulus. Artificial phytocenoses with the participation of C. betulus are one of a few self-regenerating species in the park, as aboriginal species have a higher adaptive potential and are capable of successful renewal. Control over the ratio of species and quantitative composition of undergrowth, timely rational sanitary and landscape felling will create optimal conditions for growth and development of the young growth of C. betulus. Regular removal of aggressive plants of A. platanoides, A. campestre and F. excelsior will help preserve the existing structure of the stand in the historic part of the NDP «Sofiyivka».