economic costs
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Bodey ◽  
Zachary T. Carter ◽  
Phillip J. Haubrock ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Melissa J. Welsh ◽  
...  

Abstract Biological invasions are a major component of anthropogenic environmental change, incurring substantial economic costs across all sectors of society and ecosystems. However, the economic costs of invasions have been disparately reported, lacking synthesis across taxonomic and sectorial scales. Using the newly compiled InvaCost database, we analyse reported economic damage and management costs incurred by biological invasions in New Zealand — a country renowned for its approaches to invasive species management — from 1968 to 2020. In total, US$69 billion (NZ$97 billion) is currently reported over this ~50 year period, with approximately US$9 billion of this considered highly reliable, observed (c.f. projected) costs. Most (82%) of these observed economic costs are associated with damage, with comparatively little invested in management (18%). Reported costs are increasing over time, with damage averaging US$120 million per year and exceeding management expenditure in all decades. Where specified, most reported costs are from terrestrial plants and animals, with damages most often borne by primary industries such as agriculture and forestry. Management costs are associated more with interventions by authorities and stakeholders. However, some known ecologically (c.f. economically) impactful invasive species are notably absent from estimated damage costs, and management costs are not reported for a number of game animals and agricultural pathogens. Given these gaps for known and potentially damaging invaders, we urge improved cost reporting at the national scale, including improving public accessibility through increased access and digitisation of records, particularly in overlooked socioeconomic sectors and habitats. This also further highlights the importance of investment in management to curtail future damages across all sectors.


Author(s):  
Surya Teja Swarna ◽  
Kamal Hossain

For the past few decades, researchers all over the world have agreed that the service life of civil infrastructure is significantly affected by climate change. Pavement is one of these significant infrastructures that can be easily affected by climate change. However, it is well known that predicting climate change is highly complex and dynamic. Hence, a review has been done on available climate change models and the uncertainties involved in climate change prediction. This review addresses various important questions such as (1) What is climate change? (2) How to use climate change models? (3) Uncertainties involved in using climate change models. (4) How does climate change impacts the pavement infrastructure? (5) What are the adaptation and mitigation strategies available? and (6) How do economic costs and emissions change due to climate change? This review is useful to understand climate change and its implications on pavement infrastructure.


2022 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
Mariane Henriques França ◽  
Flavia Garcia Pereira ◽  
Yuan-Pang Wang ◽  
Laura Helena Andrade ◽  
Jordi Alonso ◽  
...  

RSC Advances ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451-1459
Author(s):  
Yonggang Zhang ◽  
Rui Ma ◽  
Huaqiang Chu ◽  
Xuefei Zhou ◽  
Tianming Yao ◽  
...  

Attached microalgae production in wastewater is a promising method to further develop biofilm reactors by reducing economic costs associated with biomass separation and harvesting.


2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e007407
Author(s):  
Kari Pahlman ◽  
Anson Fehross ◽  
Greg J Fox ◽  
Diego S Silva

ObjectiveOwing to its potential human, social and economic costs, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is frequently referred to as a threat to health security. Simultaneously, health security and the preservation of antimicrobials are often described as a global public good. However, how the term ‘public good’ is used in the context of health security, and the values that underpin it, remains ambiguous. Policymaking is never value-free, and a better examination of such values is critical to understanding how issues such as AMR are problematised and how policy decisions are informed.DesignWe used McDougall’s version of critical interpretive synthesis to capture the recurring concepts and arguments within public policy, political science and applied ethics literature on AMR. Articles were analysed by identifying recurring ideas and developing themes across the literature.ResultsA total of 77 papers were included in our review. In the context of health security and AMR, the concept of ‘public good’ appears to be used interchangeably with ‘common good’, reflecting confusion, but sometimes meaningful differences, regarding how antimicrobials, as a good, are conceived. Main approaches to addressing AMR are statism, globalism and regionalism, which appeal to different values in guiding policymakers. Common justificatory values underpinning preservation of antimicrobials as a public good were prevention of harm, solidarity, justice and rights.ConclusionThe findings suggest that within the literature there is a lack of conceptual clarity as to whether antimicrobials constitute a public good or a common good. Moreover, the way in which antimicrobials are conceived and the approaches through which AMR as a threat to health security is addressed appear to be grounded in values that are often implicit. Being explicit about the values that underpin AMR and health security is not simply an intellectual exercise but has very real policy and programmatic implications.


2022 ◽  
pp. 701-727
Author(s):  
Cristina Portalés ◽  
Sergio Casas ◽  
Kai Kreuzer

Home automation (HA) systems can be considered as an implementation of the internet of everything (IoE) where many devices are linked by intelligent connections in order to improve the quality of life at home. This chapter is dedicated to analyzing current trends and challenges in HA. Energy management, safer homes, and improved control over the house are some of the benefits of HA. However, privacy, security, social disruption, installation/maintenance issues, economic costs, market fragmentation, and low interoperability represent real problems of these IoE solutions. In this regard, the latest proposals in HA try to answer some of these needs with low-cost DIY solutions, wireless solutions, and IP-based HA systems. This chapter proposes a way to deal with the interoperability problem by means of the open-source platform openHAB. It is based on the concept of a home automation bus, an idea that enables the separation of the physical and the functional view of any device, allowing to create a technology-agnostic environment, which is perfect for addressing the interoperability problem.


2022 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Manuel Alejandro Barajas Bustillos ◽  
Aide Aracely Maldonado-Macías ◽  
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz ◽  
Juan Luis Hernández Arellano ◽  
Liliana Avelar Sosa

As cognitive tasks have displaced physical tasks in today's manufacturing industry, this sector can demand high levels of mental workload from workers. In certain situations, there is a high cognitive load, which affects operators reducing their attention to the task and causing them mental fatigue and distractions, resulting in errors that generate economic costs or even injuries to workers. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding the use of mental workload in the manufacturing sector. The methodology consisted of conducting a search in four databases. In the search, a combination of keywords was used, classifying each journal according to the mental workload evaluation means, the type of evaluation, and the area of application. Articles not focusing on the manufacturing area were discarded. Of the total of 3839 articles found, 12 have been selected. Regarding the methods used for mental load assessment, the analytic techniques were found to be the most frequently used.


2022 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 149875
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Haubrock ◽  
Camille Bernery ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Chunlong Liu ◽  
Melina Kourantidou ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
O. Denefil

Alcohol use disorders affect millions of individuals worldwide. The impact of these facts lies in the elevated social and economic costs. Liver metabolizes 75-98 % of ethanol that enters the organism. If the level of alcohol in the liver cells exceeds its degradation rate, alcoholic liver disease develops. The aim of the study was to determine the peculiarities of hepatotoxicity after simulation of of ethanol hepatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis of high and low-motor active rats. Material and methods of investigation. The experiments were performed on on 72 white outbred male rats. The animals were divided into three groups: control, non-alkoholic hepatitis (NAH), ethanol hepatosis (EH). Each of group was subdivided – animals with high and low-motor activity (HA and LA). Contents of middle-mass molecules (MMM) were determined in the blood serum. Results. The analysis of the results shows that the levels of MMM in blood serum are increasing. Dystrophic changes that appear in a consequence of hypoxia are noted in NAH and EH. Both morphological and biochemical changes were more significant in HA animals. The degree of MMM accumulation depends on the severity of the pathology and motor activity of the animals. Less activity of MMM238 is observed in HA rats, which can be explained by the development of multi-organ pathology. Conclusions. During our investigations it was found the significant increasing of MMM levels in blood serum in rats with ethanol hepatosis and nonalkoholic hepatitis. The accumulation of MMM is not only a marker of endotoxication, they also increase the course of the pathological process, acquiring the roles of secondary toxins, affect the viability of all organs and systems. The degree of MMM accumulation depends on the moto activity of the animals and simulated pathology and is more significant in highly active animals, compared with low-active in the ethanol using. Less activity of MMM238 is observed in HA rats with EH, which can be explained by the development of multi-organ pathology, in particular, renal impairment. Morphological investigations showed that the grade of liver injury was more significant in HA rats.


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