Abstract. Contamination of surface waters with microbiological pollutants is a major concern to public health. Although long-term and high-frequency Escherichia coli (E. coli) monitoring can help prevent diseases from fecal pathogenic microorganisms, such
monitoring is time-consuming and expensive. Process-driven models are an
alternative means for estimating concentrations of fecal pathogens. However,
process-based modeling still has limitations in improving the model accuracy
because of the complexity of relationships among hydrological and
environmental variables. With the rise of data availability and computation
power, the use of data-driven models is increasing. In this study, we
simulated fate and transport of E. coli in a 0.6 km2 tropical headwater catchment located in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) using a deep-learning model and a process-based model. The deep learning
model was built using the long short-term memory (LSTM) methodology, whereas
the process-based model was constructed using the Hydrological Simulation
Program–FORTRAN (HSPF). First, we calibrated both models for surface as
well as for subsurface flow. Then, we simulated the E. coli transport with 6 min time steps with both the HSPF and LSTM models. The LSTM provided accurate
results for surface and subsurface flow with 0.51 and 0.64 of the
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values, respectively. In contrast, the NSE values yielded by the HSPF were −0.7 and 0.59 for surface and subsurface
flow. The simulated E. coli concentrations from LSTM provided the NSE of 0.35,
whereas the HSPF gave an unacceptable performance with an NSE value of −3.01
due to the limitations of HSPF in capturing the dynamics of E. coli with land-use
change. The simulated E. coli concentration showed the rise and drop patterns
corresponding to annual changes in land use. This study showcases the
application of deep-learning-based models as an efficient alternative to process-based models for E. coli fate and transport simulation at the catchment
scale.