Formulasi Fast Disintegrating Tablet Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam dengan Kombinasi Crospovidone dan Croscarmellose Sodium sebagai Superdisintegrants

Pengembangan formulasi ekstrak daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum W.) sebagai antihiperlipidemia yang mampu hancur cepat setelah diletakkan di atas lidah sangat diperlukan untuk mempercepat onset obat dan memberikan kenyamanan terutama pada pasien hiperlipidemia usia lanjut yang sulit menelan obat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui komposisi perbandingan superdisintegrants crospovidone dan croscarmellose sodium yang mampu menghasilkan sifat fisik Fast Disintegrating Tablet (FDT) yang optimum. Pembuatan FDT menggunakan metode granulasi basah dengan variasi konsentrasi crospovidone dan croscarmellose sodium dalam rentang 2%-5%. Hasil uji sifat fisik FDT dianalisis menggunakan metode Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) program Design Expert 10.1.). Kombinasi kedua superdisintegrants dapat mempengaruhi respon sifat fisik yaitu mampu menurunkan kekerasan, waktu disintegrasi, waktu pembasahan dan meningkatkan kerapuhan FDT ekstrak daun salam. Formula optimum didapat pada kombinasi crospovidone dan croscarmellose sodium dengan perbandingan 25 mg : 10 mg dalam setiap 500 mg tablet. Formula optimum tersebut memiliki kekerasan 4,21 kg, kerapuhan 0,52%, waktu pembasahan 106,65 detik, dan waktu hancur 55,73 detik. Hasil analisis dengan one sample t-test menunjukkan persamaan SLD valid digunakan untuk menyusun formula yang memberikan parameter-parameter optimum FDT.

The influence of Human Hair on Kenaf and Grewia Fibers based Hybrid Natural Composite Material: An Experimental Study

The demand for natural composite products is continuously increasing to make various industrial and commercial products to protect the environment. In this paper, the Hybrid Plant Fiber composite (HPFC) is produced using 64 wt.% of the resin matrix and 36 wt.% of natural fibers (Kenaf, Grewia, and Human hair) by hand layup moulding method. The influences of natural fiber’s weight on tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were investigated by the simplex lattice method. It was revealed that the percentage of contribution of Kenaf and Human hair fibers is higher on Tensile strength, Flexural, and Impact strengths than Grewia fiber. The optimum weight percentage of fibers: 13.5 wt.% of Kenaf, 15.3 wt. % of Human hair and 7.2 wt.% of Grewia of fibers weights have been used to produce desirable mechanical strengths of HPFC. The mechanical properties of HPFC have been compared to HPFC without Human hair. Tensile, flexural, and impact strength of HPFC is 17.95%, 11.1%, and 19.79% higher than the HPFC without Human hair. The predicted optimum HPFC is recommended to make commercial products for fulfilling consumer demand.

Simulation of the properties of a frying composition based on ostrich oil and СО2-marjoram extract

The article reveals the optimization of a fat frying composition formulation based on ostrich oil and natural stabilizing additive using mathematical modeling of its component composition and analysis of the qualitative characteristics of the product. The object of the research was experimental versions of the frying composition obtained according to the developed recipes, which included liquid and solid fraction of ostrich oil in the following ratio, wt. %: 30,0–70,0 – the liquid one, 30,0–70,0 the solid one and 0,01–0,20 CO2 -marjoram extract. The selection and ratio of the components of the frying fat recipe was carried out using the mathematical modeling methods based on the Scheffe-simplex lattice design. A comparative analysis of the consumer properties of the fat frying composition was carried out using E.K. Harrington’s desirability function. It was shown that the best technological and qualitative characteristics of the properties of the fat frying composition were established at a ratio of 0,5 percent of liquid or 0,5 solid fractions of the frying composition mass with the addition of at least 0,1 wt. % CO2 -extract of marjoram. Positive results were also noted in samples with a minimum solid fat content of 30,0 wt. %, but with a significant amount of a stabilizing additive – 0,15 wt. %. The inhibiting effect of the introduced natural additive, which slowed down oxidative processes in the process of frying the product, were proven. It was determined that only experimental versions of deep-frying fat in the established optimum of the quantitative ratio of fractions and CO2 - extract had the highest desirability scores of 0,723 and 0,792, confirming the high level of product quality. In addition, the proposed combination of ingredients provided an increase in the time of use of the deep-frying composition, due to the increased resistance to oxidation.

PROPORCIÓN ADECUADA DE SALES FUNDENTES PARA ALCANZAR LA TEXTURA REQUERIDA DE QUESO FUNDIDO UNTABLE

El queso procesado o fundido se ha convertido en una buena alternativa para las industrias lácteas, debido a que tiene un período de vida útil prolongado y presenta mejor facilidad de manejo en las empresas. El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer una proporción adecuada de sales fundentes que permita alcanzar la textura requerida en el queso fundido untable, mediante una mezcla de sales de bifosfato y monocitrato de sodio. La investigación fue realizada mediante un diseño de mezcla Simplex-Lattice con dos componentes (monocitrato sódico y bifosfato sódico) y tres variables respuestas (pH, humedad y textura), para la cual se llevaron a cabo 15 corridas experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos en la variable pH indicaron buena correlación ya que los valores son elevados, las variables humedad y textura mostraron que no existe correlación con respecto a las sales. Se obtuvieron valores de humedad de 59,36 a 65,69 % y la textura de 11,86 a 20,0 siendo la media de los valores de textura caracterizados como bueno. Atendiendo a los resultados alcanzados en la optimización múltiple se obtuvo que la mejor formulación de sales fundentes para queso fundido untable es: 70 % de bifosfato de sodio y 30 % de monocitrato de sodio, o emplear el 3 % de la mezcla solo con bifosfato de sodio ya que ambas formulaciones ofrecen como resultado la textura deseada. Palabras claves: queso fundido untable, sales fundentes, sales de bifosfato y monocitrato de sodio.

Development of Lignocellulase Enzyme Cocktail—A Logical Use of Statistical Experimental Design Techniques

The derivation of reduced sugars from lignocellulosic biomass requires an optimum blend of cellulolytic enzymes and reaction conditions that favour high sugar yield. In this respect, statistical design of experiment strategies become useful, but the technique is often misguided such that enzyme redundancy becomes overlooked. Herein, we demonstrate a systematic approach that involves simplex lattice mixture design and central composite design for optimizing enzyme cocktails for the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. The simplex lattice mixture design yielded 0.3333: 0.3333: 0.3333 of Celluclast (5%), Hemicellulase (5%) and Laccase (2%), respectively, as the optimum enzyme blend (volume) ratio for the saccharification of hydrothermally pretreated empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB, 10% solid loading). A subsequent application of central composite design resulted in 40 oC, pH 6 and 24 hrs as the optimum saccharification conditions. The individual Celluclast (5%) and Hemicellulase (5%) yielded a reduced sugar equivalence (RSE) of 1.77 mg/mL and 1.67 mg/mL, respectively. However, the blended enzyme cocktail upon subjection to simplex lattice mixture design and subsequent central composite design yielded an RSE of 2.215 mg/mL and 2.431 mg/mL, respectively. The overall results exemplify the significance of enzyme synergism in lignocellulosic biomass saccharification. The approach herein is intended as an easy-to-copy plan for optimizing enzyme cocktails.

Simplex lattice design for optimization of the mass ratio of Curcuma longa L., Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe and Curcuma aromatica Salisb. to maximize curcuminoids content and antioxidant activity

The aim of this work was to optimize the mass ratio of three Curcuma plants’ rhizomes to obtain the highest curcuminoid content and antioxidant activity using the simplex lattice design. The selected Curcuma plants were C. longa, C. zedoaria and C. aromatica. The simplex lattice design was applied in the work. The individual curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin) and total curcuminoid content were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Curcuma longa alone provided the highest content of bis-demethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin. A mixture of C. longa and C. aromatica in the mass ratio of 72:28 % provided the highest curcumin content. The results showed that C. longa alone exhibited the highest antioxidant activity.

Optimasi Kombinasi Asam Sitrat dan Asam Tartrat sebagai Zat Pengasam pada Tablet Effervescent Ekstrak Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L)

Purple sweet potato has the content of anthocyanin compounds that are efficacious as antioxidants. To deliver these efficacious compounds, formulations of effervescent tablets are required as antioxidants with a combination of citric acid and tartrate acid to accelerate the solubility of the drug. The research aims to optimize the combination of citric acid and tartrate acid as a sourgent on effervescent tablets of purple sweet potato extract using the simplex lattice design method. The manufacture of tablets using a direct pumping method with effervescent powder evaluation includes flow rate test, silent angle, compressibility, and powder moisture. Evaluation of tablets includes organoleptic tests, uniformity of tablet weight, hardness, fragility, and soluble time of tablets—data analysis using simplex lattice design software design expert version 10. The results of effervescent powder evaluation include a test of flow rate, quiet angle, compressibility, and moisture of powder in each formula that already meets the requirements. The physical evaluation results on the effervescent tablet weight uniformity test on F3, F4, and F5 have met the requirements. The evaluation of tablet hardness F1 and F2 also meet the requirements. The results of the evaluation of fragility and time dissolve tablets have met the requirements of all formulas. The simplex lattice design analysis results obtained F5 as the most optimal formula with a concentration of citric acid 103.25 mg and tartrate acid 44.25 mg. The combination of citric acid and tartaric acid affects the evaluation of hardness, fragility, and time-soluble effervescent tablets of purple sweet potato extract. The optimal concentration based on simplex lattice design analysis was obtained in F5 with a citric acid concentration of 103.25 mg and tartrate acid of 44.25 mg.

Formulation and Optimization of Furosemide Snedds With Variation Concentration of Tween 80 and PEG 400

Furosemide is a potent diuretic drug that has low bioavailability. Furosemide can be formulated into nanoemulsion preparations using the SNEDDS method to increase its bioavailability as SNEDDS can form stable nanoemulsions with droplet sizes 200 nm. This study aims to identify the optimum formula for variations in the concentration of surfactant Tween 80 and cosurfactant PEG 400 based on the characterization tests of emulsification time, percent transmittance, and drug loading. The independent variables used in this study were Tween 80 and PEG 400. Seven furosemide SNEDDS formulas from the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method were tested for characterization in the form of emulsification time, percent transmittance, and drug loading. The characterization results were optimized using Simplex Lattice Design. The optimum formula was re-characterized, including emulsification time, percent transmittance, drug loading, particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro dissolution. The results were then compared with theoretical values and analyzed using the One-Sample T-test method. Optimization results showed Tween of 61.4922% and PEG 400 of 18.5078% with the characterization of emulsification time 15.25 seconds, percentage transmittance 94.20%, drug loading 50 100.2 ppm, particle size 12.18 nm. Furthermore, the zeta potential was -17.6 mV, and the in vitro dissolution rate reached 106.71% within 15 minutes.