Automatic Facial Mask Rule Violation Detection using Keras & Tensorflow to Limit COVID-19

COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that spread by itself coming in the contact of people. It was initially started from China and now it has been spread all over the world and many casualties have been occurred. Social distancing commonly known as physical distancing is a non-pharmaceutical approach through which it can be reduced. But social distancing only works when people started wearing mask because it can spread by sneezing even having distance among people. So wearing mask is mandatory to stop spreading this virus at its possible extent. In this paper, it has been intended to identify the people who are wearing mask or not. By the help of CCTV camera it can be recognized at the entrance of various public places such as mall, airport, railway station, mart and many more. If facial mask can be recognized effectively with high level of accuracy then it can become mandatory for people who are violating the rules. The proposed system uses Keras and Tensorflow model for identifying whether people are following the rule or not. Tensorflow is a deep learning methodology through which facial mask can be detected with all kind of situations. Proposed system is able to classify whether a person wear a mask or not, it is also able to identify whether people incorrectly wearing mask i.e. partial wearing. It is mandatory to identify whether people are properly using the mask or not. System identify this kind of situation and classified them accordingly. System uses hybrid technique by combining two algorithms i.e. keras and tensorflow. By combining both the systems it can be identified more precisely to identify the rule violations. Keywords: COVID-19, Facial Mask, Convolutional Neural Network, Classifiers, Machine Learning, Image Processing, Pattern Recognition.

The assessment of the structure of anti-doping rules violation and the evaluation of anti-doping measures efficiency in Russian athletics during 2000–2020

The assessment of the structure and trends of doping perpetrations among athletes with a proven high prevalence of doping use might be of great practical interest. Non-compliance with the zero-tolerance policy towards anti-doping rules violators among sports communities with a high prevalence of doping offenses is the main cause of the ineffective fight against doping.Objective: to analyze the structure of anti-doping rule violations and evaluate the effectiveness of measures to counter the spread of doping in Russian athletics in 2000–2020.Materials and methods: to form an objective picture, a database was collected on all anti-doping rule violators in Russian athletics from 2000 to June 01, 2020 from open sources. Retrospective analysis of the protocols of all official competitions held in Russia since 2000 and included in the RUSAF Unified Schedule was performed.Results: 381 cases of anti-doping rule violation committed during 2000–2020 period by 355 athletes were registered. 25 athletes committed 2 doping offenses and 1 athlete 3 ones. Women perpetrated more offenses than men.Conclusions: our study objectified the doping issue in Russian athletics and evaluated the effectiveness of anti-doping measures. The study indicates the need to stop ignoring zero-tolerance policy principles towards doping offenders among the athletic community and creates an incentive to develop functional mechanisms to combat doping.

VISUAL WORD RECOGNITION IN BILINGUALS

A bilingual’s language system is highly interactive. When hearing a second language (L2), bilinguals access native-language (L1) words that share sounds across languages. In the present study, we examine whether input modality and L2 proficiency moderate the extent to which bilinguals activate L1 phonotactic constraints (i.e., rules for combining speech sounds) during L2 processing. Eye movements of English monolinguals and Spanish–English bilinguals were tracked as they searched for a target English word in a visual display. On critical trials, displays included a target that conflicted with the Spanish vowel-onset rule (e.g., spa), as well as a competitor containing the potentially activated “e” onset (e.g., egg). The rule violation was processed either in the visual modality (Experiment 1) or audio-visually (Experiment 2). In both experiments, bilinguals with lower L2 proficiency made more eye movements to competitors than fillers. Findings suggest that bilinguals who have lower L2 proficiency access L1 phonotactic constraints during L2 visual word processing with and without auditory input of the constraint-conflicting structure (e.g., spa). We conclude that the interactivity between a bilingual’s two languages is not limited to words that share form across languages, but also extends to sublexical, rule-based structures.

Disciplinary Segregation in Prison

Correctional administrators are tasked with providing and maintaining safety and security for incarcerated individuals and staff. One strategy that is used to maintain safety and security includes the separation of individuals from the general population of a prison following a rule violation. Referred to broadly as disciplinary segregation, individuals are confined within a cell for twenty-three hours a day for a determinate amount of time, often in isolation, and with a loss of amenities and privileges that are afforded to the general population. The purpose of this review is to understand the purpose, effectiveness, and problems associated with the use of disciplinary segregation.

Breaking School Rules: The Permissibility of Student Noncompliance in an Unjust Educational System

Rule violations are expected in schools, and assessments of the severity of those violations and the appropriate disciplinary responses are a significant aspect of educators’ responsibilities. While most educators and policy makers reject rule violation as a permissible behavior in schools, is such a categorical rejection always a suitable response, and are there circumstances that might merit an alternative response? In this article, A. C. Nikolaidis and Winston C. Thompson argue that under unjust circumstances, noncompliance with school rules may be permissible and even desirable. Building on a contractual framework placing systemic injustice at the center of inquiry, they show that under unjust conditions schools forfeit their ability to hold students accountable for role-dependent violations.