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2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Paiva Bernardes
Keyword(s):  

O presente artigo questiona, como problema de pesquisa, a compatibilidade democrática do minimalismo judicial de Cass Sunstein à luz da teoria neoinstitucionalista do processo, elaborada por Rosemiro Pereira Leal a partir de forte matriz popperiana, e adotada como marco teórico principal para as objeções à concepção de Sunstein neste escrito. Desse modo, o objetivo do artigo é investigar a compatibilidade do minimalismo judicial à processualidade democrática preconizada pela teoria neoinstitucionalista do processo. A pesquisa se dá no modelo hermenêutico e tem como raciocínios predominantes o dialético e o hipotético-dedutivo. É de perspectiva interdisciplinar, pois combina Filosofia, Teoria do Direito, Hermenêutica e Direito Processual, tendo sido desenvolvida mediante pesquisa bibliográfica nacional e estrangeira, tendo como fontes secundárias as principais obras de Cass Sunstein e de Rosemiro Pereira Leal atinentes às temáticas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (27/28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Luise Meier

Abstract: Using Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler’s concept of nudge (2008), this article transforms Stuart Hall’s notion of preferred reading (1973) into the concept of preferred playing to create a new approach to textual analysis appropriate for video games as interactive media. Markers for preferred playing as an alternative to more traditional close reading are discussed together with concepts and insights from contemporary game studios and game design regarding the medium’s different layers.   Käesolev artikkel loob Stuart Halli (1973) eelistatud lugemise (preferred reading) käsitluse alusel eelistatud mängimise (preferred playing) kontseptsiooni, kasutades selleks Cass Sunsteini ja Richard Thaleri (2008) nügimise (nudge) mõistet, et luua uus lähenemine tekstianalüüsile, mis oleks sobiv videomängude kui interaktiivse meediumi analüüsiks. Koos mõistete ja uuendustega nüüdisaegsest ludoloogiast ja mängudisainist arutatakse eelistatud mängimise markereid kui alternatiivi levinumale lähilugemisele videomängu meediumi eri kihistuste uurimiseks. Artikli alguses on välja toodud varasemate kvalitatiivsete ja kvantitatiivsete lähenemiste problemaatika videomänguanalüüsis, mis on eriti märgatav siis, kui käsitletakse rassi, klassi ja soo kujutamist videomängudes. Kuna varasemates lähenemistes jääb tihti puudu objektiivsusest ning tihtipeale kujutatakse videomänge, vältimatult interaktiivset meediumit, ka liiga lihtsustatult, soovitan kaheosalist lähenemist videomänguanalüüsile. Alustuseks pakun ma potentsiaalsete tegevuste ja sündmuste kaardistamise videomängudes, võttes aluseks Fernández-Vara (2015) kontseptsiooni võimalusruumist (space of possibilities). Kuigi see aitab videomänge mõista terviklikena, ei piisa sellest siiski mängusiseste vaatepunktide ja ideoloogiate analüüsiks, sest need on tihti kodeeritud eelistama üht või teist valikut. Seetõttu loon ma Halli (1973) mõiste „eelistatud lugemine“ (preferred reading) alusel, koos selle alla kuuluvate vastanduva (oppositional) ja sobitava (negotiated) lugemise mõistetega, kontseptsiooni eelistatud mängimisest (preferred playing). Sel eesmärgil kasutan ma Thaleri ja Sunsteini (2008) terminit „nügimine“ (nudge), pakkudes välja, et videomäng ise markeerib ideaalse viisi enda mängimiseks. Eelistatud mängimine on seega domineeriv mängustiil, mis on tuletatud neist nügimistest, mida mäng mängijale esitab; vastanduv mängimine on mängustiil, mis tunneb need nügimised küll ära, kuid vastandub neile tahtlikult, näiteks lõhestava või etendusliku mängimise eesmärgil. Sobitav mängimine seevastu aga kaasab tihti eelistatud mängimist, kuid muudab seda vastavalt mängija soovidele. Selleks, et mõista, millised nügimised videomängudes moodustavad eelistatud mängimise, on vaja analüüsida videomängude erinevaid aspekte ja kihistusi. Nügimine on eriti tavapärane nn visuaalsete vaikesätete puhul, kuid esineb ka paljudes mängumehhaanika detailides, näiteks tasakaalustamises, keerukuses ja väljakutsetes, aga ka eesmärkides ja auhindades. Tähendusrikas tasemedisain ja žanri- ning narratiivielementide kasutamine kujundavad täiendavalt kujutluspilti ideaalsest teekonnast läbi videomängu sündmuste, mille põhjal saavad seega tuletada videomängu eelistatud mängimise nii mängijad ise kui ka ludoloogid. Kirjeldatud metodoloogia abil saab luua lähteteksti, analüüsimaks videomänge nii soo kujutamise osas kui ka näiteks rassi kujutamises, kuna alaesindatuse probleem on mõlema aspekti puhul tavapärane (Williams jt 2009). Kuna tegemist on kohandatava töövahendiga videomängude analüüsiks, saab seda vastavalt vajadusele kasutada ka koos teiste teoreetiliste lähenemistega.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uyiosa Omoregie

Misinformation propagation in its current form is a global problem that requires urgent solutions. Historically, instances of misinformation publicly propagated can be found as far back as the sixth century AD.Scholars and researchers have generally settled for a definition of ‘information disorder’ that reveals three variants: misinformation, disinformation and malinformation. What should be of paramount importance, in the fight against information disorders, is the potential of false information to cause harm. The ‘harm principle’ was proposed by the British philosopher John Stuart Mill in 1859 and needs an upgrade for the social media age. One such upgrade is proposed by Cass Sunstein.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
Wilte Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uyiosa Omoregie

Misinformation online is an urgent global challenge. Such is the gravity of the challenge, and its effect on global collective behaviour, there are calls for social media/information disorder to be designated a “crisis discipline” along with medicine, conservation biology and climate science. Scholars have generally settled for a definition of ‘information disorder’ that reveals three variants: misinformation, disinformation and malinformation. What should be of paramount importance, in the fight against information disorder, is the potential of falsehood to cause harm. This potential for harm must be the litmus test distinguishing free speech and speech that should not be free. The ‘harm principle’ proposed by John Stuart Mill is more than 150 years old and needs an upgrade for the social media age. One such upgrade is proposed by Cass Sunstein. We summarize different approaches to analysing online information disorder. We conclude that approaches which emphasize analytical and critical thinking are important but have shortcomings. When analysing complex phenomena like conspiracy theories a ‘systems’ approach is more effective to reveal root causes of information disorder, provide actionable insight and long-term solutions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Quinaud Pedron ◽  
Lucas Borges Santos ◽  
JOSÉ EMÍLIO MEDAUAR OMMATI

 RESUMO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central o estabelecimento de uma distinção histórico-conceitual entre a figura do precedente na tradição jurídica do common law, ambiente no qual houve sua concepção, e no direito brasileiro, tendo este sofrido influência da tradição jurídica do civil law. A análise do instituto no contexto do common law perpassa pela sua contextualização histórica, precipuamente através das teorias desenvolvidas por Frederick Schauer, Cass Sunstein e Ronald Dworkin. Já no Direito brasileiro, busca-se compreender o regramento normativo do standard ao longo do tempo, sobretudo na seara do direito processual civil. Para tanto, desenvolve-se a pesquisa a partir de uma metodologia jurídico-teórica, utilizando-se de análises bibliográficas para a construção teórica do tema, com o escopo de se constatar, de modo substancial, as especificidades do desenvolvimento normativo conferido ao instituto do precedente nas respectivas tradições jurídicas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estado Democrático; Processo Constitucional; Precedentes; Direitos Fundamentais.


2021 ◽  
pp. 026327642199944
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gane

Given the growing prominence of nudge economics both within and beyond the academy, it is a timely moment to reassess the philosophical and political arguments that sit at its core, and in particular what Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein call libertarian paternalism. The first half of this paper provides a detailed account of the main features of this form of paternalism, before moving, in the second half, to a critical evaluation of the nudge agenda that questions, among other things, the gendered basis of paternalistic governance; the idea of ‘nudging for good’; and the political values that underpin nudge. The final section of this paper builds on the existing work of John McMahon by asking whether libertarian paternalism should be understood as a new, hybrid form of neoliberalism, or, rather, as a post-neoliberal form of governance that has emerged out of, and flourished in, the post-crisis situation.


Author(s):  
Mark Budolfson

This chapter raises objections to the argument that a highly unjust response to the problem of climate change is the best that we can currently hope for and is thus the solution that we should actively promote even from an ethical point of view. Such an argument has been put forward by a wide range of commentators in philosophy, economics, law, and international affairs including John Broome, Eric Posner, David Weisbach, and Cass Sunstein. Among other things, the author argues that the way in which this argument fails is both ethically and practically instructive, as its failure reveals how a realist approach to climate policy is consistent with a more equity-focused approach than is commonly appreciated. As a concrete illustration, it is explained how the lessons could be incorporated into a more ethical climate treaty architecture that shares structural features with proposals from William Nordhaus, Joseph Stiglitz, and others.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-276
Author(s):  
Payal Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  

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