psychophysiological correlates
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Author(s):  
Andrea Zaccaro ◽  
André Riehl ◽  
Andrea Piarulli ◽  
Gaspare Alfì ◽  
Bruno Neri ◽  
...  

Nidrâ yoga is an ancient yogic practice capable of inducing altered states of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation, strong concentration, acute self-awareness, and joy. In modern contemplative neuroscience language, it is known by the name yoga nidra, and few studies have investigated its phenomenological and psychophysiological effects. Six healthy volunteers (four females aged 31–74) performed 12 yoga nidra sessions guided by an expert during a 6-day retreat. Each session consisted of 10 minutes in a resting state (baseline) followed by 2 hours of yoga nidra. Psychometric data regarding dissociative experiences (Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale) and the state of consciousness (Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory) were collected after baseline and yoga nidra, while high-density EEG was recorded during the entire session. During nidra sessions, no sleep hallmarks (i.e., K-complexes and sleep spindles) were detected by the EEG in any subject. Psychometric data we re analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test corrected with the false discovery rate approach for multiple comparisons. Compared to baseline, yoga nidra practice was related to: (1) increased dissociative effects (p = 0.022); (2) perception of being in an altered state of consciousness (p = 0.026); (3) alterations in perceived body image (p = 0.022); (4) increased “meaningfulness” attributed to the experience (p = 0.026); (5) reduced rational thinking (p = 0.029); and (6) reduced volitional thought control (p = 0.026). First-person experience is discussed in relation to descriptive EEG power spectral density analysis, which was performed in one subject because of severe EEG artifacts in the other recordings; that subject showed, compared to baseline: (1) early increase of alpha and beta power, followed by a progressive widespread reduction; (2) widespread early increase of theta power, followed by a progressive reduction; and (3) widespread increase of gamma power in the latest stages. The present preliminary results enrich the knowledge of yoga nidra, elucidating its phenomenology and suggesting some psychophysiological correlates that future studies may address.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrica Laura Santarcangelo ◽  
Diego Manzoni

AbstractHypnotisability is a multidimensional trait predicting the proneness to enter hypnosis and/or accept suggestions and is associated with several psychophysiological correlates. This scoping review reports the differences between individuals with high (highs) and low hypnotizability (lows) in the left cerebellar lobules IV–VI grey matter volume, in the excitability of the right motor cortex and in motor and non-motor functions in which the cerebellum may be involved. A reduced cerebellar inhibition may explain the greater excitability of the highs’ right motor cortex. The latter may be involved in their greater proneness to ideomotor behaviour following sensorimotor suggestions. The associated experience of involuntariness and effortlessness could be due to the motor cortex greater excitability as well as to activation of a specific cerebellar-parietal circuit. Looser postural and visuomotor control with no learning across trials and greater attentional stability can be accounted for by a less accurate cerebellar predictive model of information processing. The highs’ stronger functional equivalence between imagery and perception/action and greater motor excitability may be involved in the highs’ greater proneness to respond to emotional stimuli. Paradoxical pain control may depend on reduced cortical inhibition of the pain matrix by the cerebellum. Cerebellar hypotheses are not alternative to other physiological mechanisms and should be tested in future research.


2021 ◽  
pp. 2511-2535
Author(s):  
D. Andrew Godfrey ◽  
Victoria E. Bennett ◽  
Alexandra L. Snead ◽  
Julia Babcock

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Ploger ◽  
Johnanna Dunaway ◽  
Patrick Fournier ◽  
Stuart Soroka

Abstract This preregistered study uses a combination of physiological measures to explore both the activation and reduction components of cognitive dissonance theory. More precisely, we use skin conductance to identify dissonance arousal, a short-term affective response to counter-attitudinal stimuli, and then use heart rate variability to measure dissonance reduction, which reflects longer-term patterns of emotional regulation and information processing. Our preliminary tests find weak evidence of dissonance arousal and no evidence of dissonance reduction using this physiological approach. We consequently reconsider (albeit optimistically) the use of physiology in future work on cognitive dissonance. We also discuss the implications of our findings for selective exposure and motivated reasoning.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Berger ◽  
Uzi Ben-Shalom ◽  
Niv Gold ◽  
Avishai Antonovsky

ABSTRACT Tunnel operations produce unique psychophysiological activation that is correlated with cognitive impairment and lower performance. This study introduces a new concept: subterranean operational potential (SOP) and assesses its psychophysiological correlates for performance prediction in underground spaces. 138 soldiers of elite infantry battalions, with/without previous experience, who participated in a simulation of tunnel warfare. Physical, psychological, cognitive style, and performance measures were collected. SOP has three sub-components: performance, leadership, and orientation. Leadership and performance both were negatively correlated with perceived stress. Claustrophobia was negatively correlated with leadership. The cognitive style was positively correlated with performance. Saliva cortisol levels were significantly higher before the simulation. Inexperienced and experienced differed in the change in before-after saliva cortisol levels.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253509
Author(s):  
Irene Jaén ◽  
Amanda Díaz-García ◽  
M. Carmen Pastor ◽  
Azucena García-Palacios

Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance strategies have been shown to be effective in reducing pain experience and increasing pain tolerance. However, no systematic reviews have focused on the relationship between the use of these two strategies and peripheral physiological correlates when pain is experimentally induced. This systematic review aims to summarize the existing literature that explores the relationship between emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and acceptance) and peripheral correlates of the autonomic nervous system and facial electromyography, such as affect-modulated responses and corrugator activity, on laboratory tasks where pain is induced. The systematic review identifies nine experimental studies that meet our inclusion criteria, none of which compare these strategies. Although cognitive reappraisal and acceptance strategies appear to be associated with decreased psychological responses, mixed results were found for the effects of the use of both strategies on all the physiological correlates. These inconsistencies between the studies might be explained by the high methodological heterogeneity in the task designs, as well as a lack of consistency between the instructions used in the different studies for cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, and the control conditions.


2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802110253
Author(s):  
Robin Chark ◽  
Brian King

The authors investigate the psychophysiological correlates of loss aversion in hotel choice. Consumers are frequently found reluctant to shift their choice to a subsequent option from their first encountered hotel. The concept of loss aversion can explain this ordering effect. However, there is a knowledge gap about how exactly loss aversion leads to such inertia. The present study provides a more direct measurement of this decision process by examining electrodermal activities and reaction times when consumers are making hotel choices. The choice data provides evidence of reluctance to switch to higher quality hotels, though not to lower rated properties. Such a switch is found emotionally arousing as indicated by consumers’ electrodermal activity. The reaction time data further suggests that the swiftness of such decisions to “trade up” is associated with the greater vigilance and attention, rather than a cognitive conflict caused by the difficult tradeoff between the hotels.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Frumento ◽  
Danilo Menicucci ◽  
Paul Kenneth Hitchcott ◽  
Andrea Zaccaro ◽  
Angelo Gemignani

We systematically review 26 papers investigating subjective, behavioral, and psychophysiological correlates of subliminal exposure to phobic stimuli in phobic patients. Stimulations were found to elicit: (1) cardiac defense responses, (2) specific brain activations of both subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and cortical structures, (3) skin conductance reactions, only when stimuli lasted >20 ms and were administered with intertrial interval >20 s. While not inducing the distress caused by current (supraliminal) exposure therapies, exposure to subliminal phobic stimuli still results in successful extinction of both psychophysiological and behavioral correlates: however, it hardly improves subjective fear. We integrate those results with recent bifactorial models of emotional regulation, proposing a new form of exposure therapy whose effectiveness and acceptability should be maximized by a preliminary subliminal stimulation. Systematic Review Registration: identifier [CRD42021129234].


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (38) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Konstantin Zasyadko ◽  
Sergey Shinkarev ◽  
Oleg Dankovtsev ◽  
Lilia Tafintseva ◽  
Svetlana Maskalyanova

Objectives: To study the development of professional deformity in oncological hospital doctors under the influence of professional activity factors. To consider the issues of professional adaptation of medical workers from the perspective of their development of psychoemotional burnout in combination with the problem of physiological and psychophysiological aspects of professional maladaptation. Methods: The analysis of the features of maladaptive reactions of the cardiovascular system of oncological hospital doctors that occur in the course of their professional activities is based on the analysis of changes in three groups of indicators of adaptive response of the cardiovascular system of oncologists, characteristics of blood pressure, heart activity indicators, and the state of peripheral vascular tone. Calculations of the values of psychophysiological indices that integrally characterize the functional state of their body are made. All of the doctors participating in the survey gave informed consent on the acquisition and processing of data. Results: It was found that a significant number (75%) of the tested oncologists have reduced adaptive capabilities of the circulatory system. A significant number of individuals with low stroke (40%) and minute blood volume (30%) were identified. In most cases (up to 68.4%) the examined specialists of the oncological hospital are in a state of impaired professional adaptation according to psychophysiological criteria. Conclusions: It is proposed to use the physiological and psychophysiological indicators used in the study as psychophysiological correlates of the formation and development of professional maladaptation in doctors of different specialties, as well as to control the dynamics of their condition during medical and social rehabilitation of medical institutions.


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