Philosophical Poetry Nature and Genesis

Research relevance: philosophical poetry expands the level of not only the poet, but also the reader, enriches his inner world, and teaches him to short, clear, figurative speech, showing the power of verbal art. Research purpose: is to consider the features of philosophical poetry, the relationship between philosophy and philosophical poetry. Philosophical poetry focuses on the philosophical meaning of being, man and the philosophical views of the lyrical character. Research methods and materials: attempts are being made to study worldview orientations and philosophical problems on the basis of their artistic heritage. The article also characterizes the nature and basis of philosophical poetry. Philosophical anthropological concepts, views and ideas of poets are studied. The article deals with the difference from philosophy, philosophical lyricism expresses the poet's artistic perception of the poetic world. Research results: direct contact between the author and the reader, as an old friend who shares good and evil, joy and sadness with him, creates a close and trusting atmosphere between them. Conclusions: Despite this universality, philosophical lyricism reflects the fundamental features and national worldview.

The Use of Ateji as Figurative Speech in Japanese Song Lyrics

This study aims to analyze the types of ateji used in Japanese song lyrics, and to analyze ateji as a form of figurative speech by the semantic-semiotic connection between the words used in ateji’s writing and reading. Analysis is done qualitatively based on Shirose’s theory of ateji classification and Japan’s hiyu hyougen (figurative speech) theory. This research resulted in the finding of 4 ateji types in Japanese song lyrics, which are ateji for foreign words pronunciation, ateji for pronouns, ateji for replacing words, and ateji for words used in specific titles/works. The use of metaphor (in’yu), metonymy (kan’yu), and synecdoche (teiyu) are also found between the uses of ateji, based on the relation of the words in said ateji. The words can be linked through contextual relation, conceptual relation, or semantical relation. The connection of the words can also result in similar uses as other figurative speeches not included in Japanese’s hiyu hyougen, which indicated that ateji can be handled and understood as a general form of figurative speech in written Japanese language.

Hyperbole and emotionalisation: Escalation of pragmatic effects of proverb and metaphor in the “Brexit” debate

(How) Can the use of hyperbole in metaphorical idioms and scenarios contribute to an increase in emotionalisation of public debates? Using a research corpus of quotations from British politicians speeches and interviews and of press texts 2016-2020, this paper investigates hyperbolic formulations in Brexit-related applications of the proverb You cannot have your cake and eat it and related scenarios of national liberation, which appear to have strongly boosted emotionalised public debates. For instance, Brexit proponents reversal of the cake proverb into the assertion, We can have our cake and eat it, and their figurative interpretation of Brexit as a war of liberation (against the EU) triggered highly emotional reactions: triumphant affirmation among followers, fear and resentment among opponents. The paper argues that the combination of figurative speech (proverb, metaphor) with hyperbole heightened the emotional and polemical impact of the pro-Brexit argument. Whilst this effect may be deemed to have been rhetorically successful in the short term (e.g. in referendum and election campaigns), its long-term effect on political discourse is more ambivalent, for it leads to a polarisation and radicalisation of political discourse in Britain (as evidenced, for instance, in the massive use of hyperbole in COVID-19 debates). The study of hyperbole as a means of emotionalisation thus seems most promising as part of a discourse-historical investigation of socio-pragmatic effects of figurative (mainly, metaphorical) language use, rather than as an isolated, one-off rhetorical phenomenon.

Criticism of the Neo-Classical Salafı Understanding Forming the Discourse of Religious Exclusivism An Evaluation on the Specifics of the Critiques Aimed at Fakhr al-Dın al-Razı Regarding the Epistemological Value of Language

Al-Rāzī stated that specific criteria should exist for interpreting religious texts, with one of the two in particular prioritizing the conflict of ʿaql [reason] and naql [revelation]. Accordingly, he developed the theory of the hypothetical nature of linguistic evidence. According to al-Rāzī’s theory, literary evidence have been exposed to possible errors from transferring al-nahw [lexicography, morphology, and grammar] rules to the present day; different linguistic possibilities such as figurative speech homonymy and transfer of meanings (naql al-lugha) are likely to have occurred in the process. Therefore, religious texts do not express certainty when qarīnas [contextual clues] are absent. Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, leading names in the neo-classical Salafī understanding, described the view that literal evidence does not express ʿilm [definitive knowledge] but rather expresses Ûann [speculative knowledge] as taghūt [an idol], criticizing it to have a marginalizing and exclusionary style. The present article will examine the discourse of religious exclusivism produced within the framework of the hypotheticality of language and will show that this discourse is caused by Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s words being misunderstood. This study will first explain what is meant by religious exclusion and provide the intellectual background of the theory of the hypotheticality of language. Next, it will cover Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s questioning of al-Rāzī’s religiosity, and finish with how the accusations against Rāzī had stemmed from a misunderstanding of his ideas.

Traditional expressions in folktales from russkoye ustye

The article deals with the study of traditional linguistic formulas in the folk tales of Russkoye Ustye and the value-semantic space inherent in the Russian old residents' subdialects of Yakutia testifying to the figurative-speech stereotypes of linguistic culture. Presumably, since the beginning of the 17th century, Russian old residents have been compactly living in a foreign-language environment in the Arctic territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the largest federal subject of the Russian Federation. The old residents are the oldest group of the Russian people in Siberia. The research is carried out based on folklore and dialectal linguistic material collected from representatives of the ethnos and reflected in the collection "Folklore of Russkoye Ustye". In the semantics of traditional linguistic formulas used in folk tales that have their original and individual form compared to other Siberian folk tales, there is a close connection between the lexical meaning and the specific realities of the life of Russian old residents in Yakutia.

Discourse Markers in Hausa Proverbs: Exploring Intellectual Wise Saying from African Wisdom and Culture

This paper aims to explore some intellectual wise saying from African wisdom and culture from one of the three major languages in the northern part of Nigeria. The use of discourse markers is one of the linguistics devices embedded in Hausa proverbs. However, Africa as the continent was occupied by different languages and dialectics. Proverbs is an expression of a saying which combines various wisdom and culture of every human beings living on the earth. This paper utilises written document as a method and selected (36) different proverbs and analyses the discourse markers. Moreover, the paper reviewed various studies that looked at proverbs' role as one of a figurative speech and the definitions of discourse markers defined by literary scholars and cultural critics who studied proverbs from different perspectives. The finding of this paper identified (19) out of (36) proverbs also indicated DMs served as interpersonal functions and the relationship between the speakers’ actions and thoughts, while the remaining (17) functions as textual features for making meaning. Finally, the study found that discourse markers enhance some lexical expressions under different levels, including sentence connectivity, language use, and the appearance of discourse markers in the proverbs. The study's significance shows that cultural scholars and English language educators can incorporate/integrate proverbs and highlighted the role of discourse markers to the student, enhancing their linguistics knowledge, communication skills and learning activities.

Interpreting Metaphor In Sidney Mohede’s Song Lyrics

This research aimed at describing the metaphors used by the Mohede in the eight songs he wrote. As a qualitative research, this study rellied the data upon the lyrics of the chosen songs. The analysis applies theory of Lakoff and Johnson which divided metaphors into three types namely structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. The analysis followed the steps of Bogdan and Biklen as follows identification, categorization, explanation, and interpretations of the findings. The result showed that the songs confirmed the existence the types of the metaphors such as structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. These findings implies a pivotal contribution of figurative speech particularly metaphor in communicating the meaning of a song. Thus, this study foreshadows a further research for comprehending the relationship of metaphor to song lyrics for both linguistic and literary context. Keywords: mathematical ability; students; Problem-Based Learning.

Experimental Method For Developing And Correcting Figurative Speech Among Visually Impaired Primary School Age Children

The article presents special methodology for developing figurative speech, which has a compensatory value among primary schoolchildren, with reduced vision. The complexity of the figurative speech understanding process and the need for developing it among visually impaired children was specified by the scientists, Litvak (2006), Sineva (2008), Fedorenko (2015). The principles (general didactic, linguo-didactic, and special) and the main tasks for developing and correcting each figurative speech component among younger vision-impaired learners are defined as follows: cognitive (development of the visual-figurative basis of speech); emotional (the development of speech expressiveness and the emotional-sensory sphere) and creative-practical (formation of skills and abilities for using the exponents of imagery in speech proficiently, the development of skills for active work with words). The directions of correctional work for each figurative speech component are described. The results obtained by implementing the experimental method indicated positive dynamism in figurative speech development among younger vision-impaired learners in the experimental classes for all the components established in the experimental study, pointing to the effectiveness of the proposed work method on their formation and correction. It was stated that vision impaired children are able to understand and explain the essence of imagery expression, which is available to pupils of primary school age; expressively read and talk about their feelings and emotions from the read literary text; use the means of imagery in their own speech consciously and appropriately, with special pedagogical guidance.

Figurative Language in Layla Al-Atrash’s Nesa’a Ala Al-Mafareq: A Stylistic Analysis

This study aims to analyze Layla Al-Atrash’s Nesa’a Ala Al-Mafareq stylistically to address the issue of an identity crisis and self-alienation by shedding light on the Arabic narrative discourse that is used by Al-Atrash in the selected novel. The stylistic analysis focuses on casting lights on how the five protagonists of the selected novel employed their feminist narrative discourse to represent their suffering and how the old cultural and social values affect their lives. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher relies on Geffrey Leech's (2006) theory of figurative language to analyze the novel. Accordingly, this study is considered as the first study focusing on analyzing the language used by Al-Atrash linguistically in light of the stylistic analysis of figurative speech such as a simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, and metonymy. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative approaches with (SPSS) program for statistics. The results showed that Al Atrash succeeded in utilizing her feminist narrative discourse linguistically to introduce the catastrophic situation the woman has in the masculine society. Taking into consideration metonyms with the highest rates (189) indicating the problems that the Arab woman encounters without finding a solution. Although hyperbole (126= 23%) refers to the writer's trial to support the readers with the perfect image of a woman’s life and why she surrenders to reality and accepts the outdated conventions and traditions.

Pupulan Puisi Sangsiah Kélangan Somah Karya I Gdé Nala Antara Analisis Struktur

This study is entitled “Pupulan Puisi Sangsiah Kélangan Somah Karya I Gdé Nala Antara Analisis Struktur”. Pupulan Puisi Sangsiah Kélangan Somah consists of four poems, namely poem Sangsiah Kélangan Somah, Tresna Uluh Kalarau, Pasah, and Semara Tan Patepi. Pupulan Puisi Sangsiah Kélangan Somah is analyzed by structural theory from Herman J. Waluyo. This study aims to describe the forming structures contained in the Pupulan Puisi Sangsiah Kélangan Somah in the form of physical structures and mental structures. Methods and techniques for providing research data using library and interview methods are supported by document, recording and note taking techniques. The methods and techniques of analyzing research data use descriptive analytic methods, and the hermeneutic method is assisted with translation and note taking techniques. The methods and techniques of presenting data analysis use formal and informal methods and are supported by deductive and inductive techniques. The structures that make up the Pupulan Puisi Sangsiah Kélangan Somah are divided into two, namely the physical structure (diction, imagination, concrete words, figurative speech or language, versification, and typography) and the mental structure (theme, taste, tone, and mandate).