CIRI MORFOSEMANTIK AFIKS DERIVASIONAL {ME(N)-} DALAM KONSTRUKSI VERBA DENUMERAL BAHASA INDONESIA (Morphosemantic Features of Derivational Affix {Me(N)-} in The Indonesian Denumeral Verb Constructions)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri morfosemantik afiks derivasional {me(N)-} dalam konstruksi verba denumeralia bahasa Indonesia (bI). Konstruksi verba denumeralia dipahami sebagai kata kerja derivasional atau verba turunan. Sebagai konstruksi derivasional, sumber asal verba denumeralia adalah kata bilangan atau numeralia. Beberapa contoh konstruksi dalam bI antara lain (a) {menyatu} seperti dalam klausa “setiap reaksi hidup kita akan menyatu dengan Firman-Nya” dan (b) {mendua} seperti dalam klausa “banyak kata yang kini artinya mendua”. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa konstruksi verba denumeralia berpemarkah afiks {me(N)-}. Sumber data adalah korpus bI dengan identitas Leipzig Corpora Collection dengan alamat https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013. Data dikumpulkan melalui teknik korpus. Data dianalisis berdasarkan teknik bagi unsur langsung dengan mengacu pada teori Morfologi Derivasional (Lieber, 2017) dan Semantik Transposisional (Lieber, 2015). Berdasarkan analisis, dihasilkan dua temuan sebagai berikut. Pertama, secara umum afiks derivasional {me(N)-} berstatus sebagai pembawa ciri morfosemantik pada proses derivasi numeralia ke dalam verba. Tanpa kehadiran afiks {me(N)-}, ciri-ciri verba tidak dapat disematkan pada numeralia. Kedua, secara khusus, konstruksi verba denumeralia berpemarkah {me(N)-} memiliki kecenderungan untuk (a) menderivasikan numeralia kardinal baik takrif maupun tak takrif, (b) membentuk tipe semantis verba ‘proses’ dan makna gramatikal “X menjadi Y”, dan (c) memberikan status peran ‘pengalam’ pada argumen letak kiri yang menyertai VDnum. Sebagai simpulan, dapat dinyatakan bahwa ciri morfosemantik afiks derivasional {me(N)-} dalam konstruksi VDnum tercipta melalui proses morfologi derivasional. Ciri tersebut dapat dideskripsikan ketika afiks {me(N)-} berdistribusi secara lengkap bersama numeralia kardinal dalam suatu konstituen verba bI. This study aims to describe the morphosemantic characteristics of derivational affix {me(N)-} in the construction of Indonesian denumeral verbs (bI). Denumeral verb construction is understood as a verb or derived verb. As a derivational construction, the source of the origin of denumeral verbs is the word number or numeralia. Some examples of constructions in bI include (a) uniting as in the clause that every reaction of our lives will unite with His Word and (b) ambiguity as in the clause of many words which now have two meanings. The data in this study are denumeral verb constructions with affix mark {me(N)-}. The data source is the bI corpus with the identity of the Leipzig Corpora Collection with the address https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013. Data were collected through the corpus technique. The data were analyzed based on the technique for direct elements regarding the theory of Derivational Morphology (Lieber, 2017) and Semantics of Transposition (Lieber, 2015). Based on the analysis, two findings were produced as follows. First, in general, derivational affixes {me(N)-} have the status as carriers of morphosemantic characteristics in the derivation process of numerals into verbs. Signs of the presence of affixes {me(N)-}, verb characteristics cannot be attached to numerals. ralia. Second, in particular, the construction of denumeral verbs marked with {me(N)-} tends to (a) derive cardinal numerals both indicative and non-descriptive, (b) form the semantic type of the verb 'process' and the grammatical meaning of "x menjadi Y, and (c) assigns the role state 'experience' to the left position argument accompanying veba. In conclusion, it can be stated that the morphosemantic characteristics of derivational affix {me(N)-} in the construction of denumeral verbs are created through a derivational morphological process. These characteristics can be described when the affix {me(N)-} is completely distributed with cardinal numerals in a constituent verb of bI.

Differential Source Marking in the languages of Europe

The article deals with encoding Source arguments of the predicate ‘take’ in the languages of Europe and identifies factors involved in Differential Source Marking. Animacy turns out to play the crucial role in this respect: while the encoding of animate Sources is rather homogeneous, inanimate Sources are encoded in different ways depending on the localization. The encoding of animate source can coincide with that of one of the two (or both) basic localizations: IN or ON or be different from it. Differential Marking of animate Sources is attested in Central Europe and implies recipient-like vs. ablative-like alternation where the encoding depends on whether something is taken for good or not and whether some extra force is applied or not. Differential Marking of inanimate Sources occurs in quite a number of European languages with different localizations; it is not always symmetrical to Differential Translocation Marking and can depend on the topicality on the argument or its semantic type.

Pseudonymization of PHI Items in German Clinical Reports

We describe the adaptation of a non-clinical pseudonymization system, originally developed for a German email corpus, for clinical use. This tool replaces previously identified Protected Health Information (PHI) items as carriers of privacy-sensitive information (original names for people, organizations, places, etc.) with semantic type-conformant, yet, fictitious surrogates. We evaluate the generated substitutes for grammatical correctness, semantic and medical plausibility and find particularly low numbers of error instances (less than 1%) on all of these dimensions.

Region Prepositions: The View from French

The goal of this article is to offer a formal account of region prepositions in French. We define region prepositions as prepositions that denote non-oriented locations and resist modification with measure phrases (e.g.,au nez dein#dix metres au nez de l'avion‘ten meters from (in front of) the tip of the airplane’). We show that region prepositions may involve items that include inflected markers or items involving “bare” markers (au bord de‘at the edge of’ vs.à droite de‘to the right of’). We analyze the relation between structure and semantic type to show that this distribution stems from the morpho-syntactic properties of their “internal location nouns” (e.g.,nez,bord, droite, sommet). We offer a feature-driven analysis of these prepositions that hinges on a Lexical Syntax account and can capture all of the relevant data in a unified perspective. We conclude by discussing some theoretical consequences for accounts of spatial prepositions.

From subjective perspective to subjective text navigation

This article considers description as a functional and semantic type of speech from the point of view of the receptive-pragmatic paradigm of research. The authors turn to pragmatic syntax in order to reconstruct the receptive space of the speech subject, their cognitive sphere based on pragmatically (connotatively) «charged» signs and to actualize the implicitly expressed meaning of the statement with their help. The methodological basis of the study is the referential analysis, which helps to reconstruct a set of initial situations (referential space), and contextual analysis, through which the pragmatic information and personal meanings belonging to the cognitive sphere of the speech subject (receptive space) are explicated. Special attention is paid to the triadic opposition «figure – micro-context – referential space» – «background – macro-context – receptive space». The conceptual triad «figure – micro-context – referential space» is related to the material world and its representations in the text, and in this respect belongs to the conceptual field of semantic syntax. On the contrary, the conceptual triad «background – macro-context – receptive space» enables to reconstruct the cognitive sphere of the speech subject and its representation in speech, in particular, the attitude of the speech subject to what they see, feel and think, how their ideas about the original (referent) situation develop, and refer to the material sphere and conceptual field of pragmatic syntax. This triadic opposition helps to consider the subjective navigation of the text as a modification of its subjective perspective. Subjective text navigation represents implicit (not clearly expressed) ways of orientation in the cognitive sphere of the speech subject and is designed to direct the reader's attention, their perception of different levels of explicitly and implicitly expressed meanings through pragmatic localizers of the speech subject's discourse intention.

Sentences with the meaning of irreal condition in K. G. Paustovsky's The Tale of Life

The purpose of the article is to identify and describe structural, semantic and functional features of irreal-conditional complex sentences with the conjunction «если» (if) in the autobiographical Tale of Life by K. G. Paustovsky. In the introduction, the author notes the important role of syntactic units in expressing the author's intention in autobiographical text, and points out the constant scientific interest in studying the functioning of complex subordinate sentences with conditional meaning in texts of different styles in both synchronic and diachronic aspects. The main part of the article defines the irreal condition and notes that a formal indicator of its semantics in a complex sentence is the presence of the form with the particle «бы» (would) in the main and subordinate clauses. Attention is drawn to the complication of the irreal condition meaning with various connotations: desirability, supposition, possibility, concession, comparison, as well as a phatic aspect. Each structural-semantic type of sentences is analyzed in terms of specific semantics, structure, ways of expressing the main sentence parts, and lexical content. The author names the means of strengthening the semantics of the irreal condition, including particles, interjections, exclamatory intonation, etc. The conclusion is made that the use of sentences of this type in an autobiographical text, on the one hand, allows the author to convey the message of the work as accurately as possible, to express his perception of events and the characters' thoughts and intentions. On the other hand, the use of sentences with the conjunction «если» (if) with the meaning of irreal condition, with different semantic connotations, shows the capacity of the modern Russian grammar system, which allows the speaker or writer to convey the finest shades of meaning in portraying objective reality.

A Compositional Pluralist Semantics for Extensional and Attitude Verbs

We propose a new account of linguistic content that reconciles content-pluralism with compositionality. This is achieved by integrating truth-conditional content and attitude report content into a single notion of content. A parametrized version of this notion (with parameters for agents, times, and information states) serves as input to the compositional semantic machinery. By supplying different parameter-values to the parametrized contents of their complements, different verbs select for different components of the complement’s integrated content. The resulting account explains the different substitution properties of extensional and attitude constructions and captures the role of agents’ epistemicperspective in the determination of attitude content. The account improves upon other accounts of truth-conditional and attitude content (esp. two-dimensional semantics) by interpreting different occurrences of an expression—in extensional and in attitude embeddings—as objects of the same semantic type, and by explaining the substitution-resistance of attitudinal embeddings of extensional constructions.

Russian explanatory sentence as a semantic type

The paper interprets the Russian explanatory sentence as a semantic type. It is noted that descriptions of the semantic types of monopropositional sentences have already been carried out in the linguistic literature. For the first time, it is proposed to consider polypropositional semantic structures as a semantic type. The semantic nature of an explanatory sentence is defined as an expression of reflection on the events and phenomena of reality, with the position of the object-event accompanied by an indication of the reflection nature expressed by the governing predicate. General characteristics of this semantic type are given, as well as a number of semantic features serving as the basis for revealing the patterns of compatibility of various types of modus and dictum and the ways of their connection. It is proved that the previously existing qualification of relevance/factuality is based on overestimating the role of the brace and underestimating the predicative expression of deliberative. Several techniques are proposed to distinguish between thematic and factual utterances. Among sentence elements, the concept of the subject is the most significant for the typology of explanatory sentences, proposed to be divided into mono-subject and poly-subject ones. We note the poly-paradigmatic nature of the explanatory sentence and the presence of a number of its transformations used in the texts. The range of explanatory sentences with such an interpretation expands significantly without taking into account the boundaries of simple and complex sentences and some other constructive differences.

Structure and Ontology in Nonlocal Readings of Adjectives

In certain uses, adjectives appear to make the semantic contribution normally associated with adverbs. These readings are often thought to be a peripheral phenomenon, restricted to one corner of the grammar and just a handful of lexical items. I’ll argue that it’s actually considerably more general than is often recognized, and that it admits two fundamentally different modes of explanation: in terms of the syntactic machinery that undergirds these structures and in terms of the ontology of the objects manipulated by its semantics. Both modes of explanation have been suggested for some of the puzzles in this domain, and I’ll argue both are necessary. With respect to adjectives including average and occasional, the key insight is that their lexical semantics is fundamentally about kinds. But to arrive at a more general theory of adverbial readings, it is also necessary to further articulate the compositional semantics. In this spirit, I’ll argue that these adjectives actually have the semantic type of quantificational determiners like every. If this way of thinking about adverbial readings is on the right track, it instantiates a means by which these two distinct modes of explanation—and the distinct aspects of cognition they may ultimately be associated with—both play a crucial role in bringing about the apparently aberrant behavior of this class of adjectives.