The conditions of development of innovative business undertakings at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic

The paper is theoretical and analytical and aims to analyse and assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on start-ups in Poland. Its first part discusses the specific nature of start-ups and the conditions of their development, known as the start-up ecosystem. The effect of these entities on economic development is addressed, too. The article then attempts to assess, based on domestic and international reports and analyses, the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on start-ups in Poland and the prospects of their development.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ СТАВЛЕННЯ ДО МОВИ

This article focuses on the analysis of the scientific literature on investigating language attitude, theoretical approaches to the language attitude analyzed, the core paradigms of investigation connected to studying and distinguishing of language attitude presented, as well as the importance of data gathered regarding language attitudes and the specific nature of the language attitude studies in Ukraine that are analyzed. Studying language attitudes is popular, as the language which is investigated has numerous sociocultural functions, and knowledge of language attitudes helps to achieve success in language policy planning. Moreover, influences on linguistic personality and language attitudes allow evaluation not only of the loyalty to a particular language, but also the functional value of each of these. Language attitude is an instrument which allows successful language policy to be constructed, and also informs about the language identification of speaker, as well as about language status and prestige.

Sprachliche Herausforderungen an die Rechtsvergleichung im Agrarrecht

Agricultural law combines two opposing directions of development of law in general. One is connected with the local or regional element and indeed, like no other discipline, is linked to a specific region, culture, tradition and linguistic specificity, being a consequence of the specific nature of agricultural law. On the other hand, at the level of the European Union it is characterised by the greatest degree of integration. The Common Agricultural Policy has made agricultural law locally and regionally rooted but, at the same time, it has created a specific technical language of European agricultural law. Therefore, conducting a comparative legal research into the field of agricultural law faces a particular challenge as it requires combining both local and regional linguistic specificities with the European technical language of agricultural law. This relativism of the technical language of agricultural law does not, however, stand in the way of legal comparativism. However, apart from the linguistic knowledge, it requires the researcher to possess thorough cultural, social and economic knowledge of another country. Professor Budzinowski, unlike many other scholars, embodies these skills in his comparative legal research.

Organizational and Methodical Aspects of Accounting for Fixed Assets of Economic Entities in Various Areas of Activity

The authors propose a differentiated approach to the organization of fixed assets accounting, which consists in structuring the account 01 “Fixed assets” depending on their areas of activity of economic entities. This article also substantiates the composition of analytical accounts of fixed assets in the context of factors affecting the accounting. The study was carried out on an urgent topic - the accounting of fixed assets is undergoing changes due to legislative innovations. In addition, organizational and economic aspects and factors of a specific, industry-specific nature are of no small importance when building a system of accounting for fixed assets. The analysis of the role and significance of the influence of the characteristics of various types of activities of economic entities on the accounting of fixed assets allows us to identify the directions and methods, the use of which will ensure a positive dynamics of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and the growth of labor productivity. In the course of the research, general scientific methods of cognition were used, such as analysis and synthesis, consistency and complexity, analogy, comparative and logical approach. The organizational and methodological provisions developed by the authors of the article contribute to the development of the methodology of accounting for fixed assets of economic entities engaged in various types of activities. Some of the results of this study can serve as a vector for further practical and theoretical developments, increase the transparency, relevance, and analyticity of information about the activities of an economic entity based on accounting and management accounting data. The recommendations and approaches proposed by the authors of the article can be applied as a basis for improving the accounting and methodological support for the management of fixed assets of an economic entity.

"Toward a Typology of the Baroque in Russian Literature of the XVII—Early XVIII Centuries"

Viktor Zhivov’s 2007 article, here translated into English for the first time, attempts to describe the specific nature of the Baroque in Russia. According to Zhivov, Russian Baroque culture arose via transplantation and was not the result of organic cultural development. Because of their cardinal differences, the language of Western Baroque and that of traditional Russian culture represent polar opposites in many ways. Hence the transplantation of even the most insignificant element results in its radical transformation, highlighting the peculiarities of the process of reception. The article outlines the principles that governed this process. It argues that it was the external features of the Baroque style that were borrowed, while its deeper orientation on polysemy, which defined the Baroque worldview in the West, was not. The assimilation of Western literature was eclectic and replaced rhetorical ambivalence with the rhetoric of didacticism. It took what could be synthesized with traditional culture most easily, at the same time as the more content-oriented features and those specific to European Baroque were rejected. If in Western Europe the Baroque posed riddles for the reader, in Russia authors on the “European" trajectory assisted the reader by providing solutions. The Baroque in Russia was primarily a phenomenon of Western influence, so that its unique features took second place in the process of forming a new cultural paradigm as a whole. “Baroque” elements acquired a completely new pedagogical function, becoming carriers of the new ideology that was being introduced. The Baroque became a servitor of power, whose aim was the political reeducation of society.

Contextual meanings of political vocabulary

Political vocabulary is one of the most relevant subjects of study of modern linguistics, constantly updated, it serves as an indicator of the state of the political sphere of society and the political consciousness of a person. The article is devoted to lexemes that have firmly entered the current political vocabulary of our time: democracy, liberal, patriotism, patriot, nationalism, nationalist, opposition, president. Based on the analysis of modern explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, as well as the dictionary of political terms, it is concluded that terminological, special vocabulary in the modern political language is often used in an unusual meaning. In the article, using the method of contextual analysis, the evaluative connotative element of the meaning of the indicated lexemes is investigated. It is concluded that lexemes acquire a positive or negative evaluative value, first of all, depending on the context, the actual terminological meaning is leveled when used. The revealed meanings are non-systemic, accordingly, they are not fixed in dictionaries, while they are obvious to the carrier and are frequent. This indicates the specific nature of the modern political language, which is influenced by the modern journalistic style. The research results can be used to analyze controversial cases of the use of political vocabulary.

Analysis of sex-specific lipid metabolism of P. falciparum points to importance of sphingomyelin for gametocytogenesis

Male and female Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are the parasite lifecycle stage responsible for transmission of malaria from the human host to mosquito vector. Not only are gametocytes able to survive in radically different host environments, but they are also precursors for male and female gametes that reproduce sexually soon after ingestion by the mosquito. Here we investigate the sex-specific lipid metabolism of gametocytes within their host red blood cell. Comparison of the male and female lipidome identifies cholesteryl esters and dihydrosphingomyelin enrichment in female gametocytes. Chemical inhibition of each of these lipid types in mature gametocytes suggests dihydrosphingomyelin synthesis but not cholesteryl ester synthesis is important for gametocyte viability. Genetic disruption of each of the two sphingomyelin synthase gene points towards sphingomyelin synthesis contributing to gametocytogenesis. This study shows that gametocytes are distinct from asexual stages, and that the lipid composition is also vastly different between male and female gametocytes, reflecting the different cellular roles these stages play. Together our results highlight the sex-specific nature of gametocyte lipid metabolism that has the potential to be targeted to block malaria transmission.

Elements of eggplant cultivation technology in protected ground

Цель работы – обоснование элементов технологии выращивания баклажана в пленочных необогреваемых грунтовых теплицах. Исследования по тематике актуальны, поскольку способствуют увеличению площадей возделывания культуры, а также повышению урожайности и товарности продукции, что определяет экономическую эффективность производства. Научные исследования проводили в 2020–2021 годах на территории Учебно-научного производственного центра садоводства и овощеводства имени В. И. Эдельштейна ФГБОУ ВО РГАУ – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева. Опыт по изучению влияния нормирования числа цветков в рудиментарных соцветиях на раннюю и общую урожайность и качество плодов баклажана был заложен при формировании гибридов в три стебля. Опыт двухфакторный: фактор А – нормирование (вариант I – без нормирования (контроль), вариант II – нормирование на один цветок, вариант III – нормирование на два цветка). Фактор В – генотип гибридов (F1 Боровичок, F1Багира, F1 Нежнейший, F1 Патио Трио, F1Пеликан). Опыт закладывали в четырехкратной повторности, площадь учетной делянки – 7,6 м2. Исследования проводили в условиях летне-осеннего оборота в пленочной необогреваемой грунтовой теплице в соответствии с общепринятыми методиками для овощных культур в защищенном грунте. Рассаду выращивали в рассадном отделении многорядной теплицы серии Ришель 9.6 SR. Семена высевали 14–15 марта в кассеты с размером ячейки 5×5×5 см и объемом 125 см3. В качестве субстрата использовали верховой торф. Подкормки проводили комплексным удобрением Yara Kristalon 18.18.18+3 с интервалом в 5 суток: первую подкормку провели через 10 суток после высадки рассады. При выявлении единичных очагов заражения проводили обработку против грибных заболеваний препаратами Ридомил МЦ Голд, ВДГ и Квадрис, КС. По итогам изучения влияния нормирования числа цветков в рудиментарных соцветиях на раннюю и общую урожайность и качество плодов у исследуемых гибридов баклажана выявлено, что в вариантах опыта с нормированием на 1 цветок сформировалось наибольшее количество товарных плодов (87,6%). Выявленная зависимость носила сортоспецифический характер. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the elements of eggplant growing technology in film unheated ground greenhouses. Research on the subject is relevant because it contributes to an increase in the area of cultivation of crops, as well as an increase in yield and marketability of products, which determines the economic efficiency of production. Scientific research was carried out in 2020–2021 on the territory of the V.I. Edelstein Educational and Scientific Production Center for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The experience of studying the effect of rationing the number of flowers in rudimentary inflorescences on the early and overall yield and quality of eggplant fruits was laid during the formation of hybrids in three stems. The experience is two-factor: factor A – rationing (option I – without rationing (control), option II – rationing for one flower, option III – rationing for two flowers). Factor B is the genotype of hybrids (F1Borovichok, F1 Bagira, F1 Nezhneishii, F1Patio Trio, F1 Pelikan). The experiment was laid in fourfold repetition, the area of the accounting plot was 7.6 m2. The studies were carried out in the conditions of summer-autumn turnover in a film unheated ground greenhouse in accordance with generally accepted methods for vegetable crops in protected soil. Seedlings were grown in the seedling compartment of a multi-row greenhouse of the Richel 9.6 SR series. The seeds were sown on March 14–15 in cassettes with a cell size of 5×5×5 cm and a volume of 125 cm3. Riding peat was used as a substrate. Top dressing was carried out with a complex fertilizer Yara Kristalon 18.18.18+3 with an interval of 5 days: the first top dressing was carried out – 10 days after planting seedlings. When single foci of infection were detected, treatment against fungal diseases was carried out with Ridomil MC Gold, VDG and Quadris, CS. Based on the results of studying the effect of rationing the number of flowers in rudimentary inflorescences on the early and overall yield and quality of eggplant fruits in the studied eggplant hybrids, it was revealed that in the variants of the experiment with rationing for 1 flower, the largest number of commercial fruits was formed (87.6%). The revealed dependence was of a variety-specific nature.

LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION AND PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

The author argues that understanding crisis phenomena in an education system, as well as conditions of upgrading this system, is connected with development of a philosophy of education focused on such categories as language and communication. The heuristic and productive nature of theory of communicative action and hermeneutics is shown while comprehending the specific nature of learning environment where a pedagogical interaction between a teacher and students is carried out. Taking into account the ideas of J. Habermas, H. G. Gadamer and L. Wittgenstein, it is shown that education is a process of human development if it is organised as a process of searching for and generating meanings by the students. This educational process model corresponding to essential human need for self-understanding and self-expression.

‘My mother left behind a few manuscripts.’ On the author’s perspective of L. Petrushevskaya

The genre-specific nature of L. Petrushevskaya’s The Time: Night [Vremya noch] and its intertextual aspect are examined in the context of ideas about the folk character of art. The paper especially focuses on drawing parallels with A.Akhmatova’s works. The authors pose a question: how does the story interpret the topic that is paramount for Russian literature — public consciousness? Petrushevskaya’s works typically evoke the drama of antiquity, Russian folklore and the Narodnichestvo ideology. Her prose brings back the images of the classical tragedy (fate, retribution, the chorus), common Russian folk mythologemes (an orphaned child, a frisky steed, and sister Alyonushka), as well as Pochvenniks’ theses about popular wisdom. The article suggests that The Time: Night both subverts and pays homage to it. The novelet parodies but also celebrates folk epos and its creators.