complex matrix
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Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Balkis Aouadi ◽  
Flora Vitalis ◽  
Zsanett Bodor ◽  
John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu ◽  
Istvan Kertesz ◽  
...  

Coffee is both a vastly consumed beverage and a chemically complex matrix. For a long time, an arduous chemical analysis was necessary to resolve coffee authentication issues. Despite their demonstrated efficacy, such techniques tend to rely on reference methods or resort to elaborate extraction steps. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the aquaphotomics approach, on the other hand, reportedly offer a rapid, reliable, and holistic compositional overview of varying analytes but with little focus on low concentration mixtures of Robusta-to-Arabica coffee. Our study aimed for a comparative assessment of ground coffee adulteration using NIRS and liquid coffee adulteration using the aquaphotomics approach. The aim was to demonstrate the potential of monitoring ground and liquid coffee quality as they are commercially the most available coffee forms. Chemometrics spectra analysis proved capable of distinguishing between the studied samples and efficiently estimating the added Robusta concentrations. An accuracy of 100% was obtained for the varietal discrimination of pure Arabica and Robusta, both in ground and liquid form. Robusta-to-Arabica ratio was predicted with R2CV values of 0.99 and 0.9 in ground and liquid form respectively. Aquagrams results accentuated the peculiarities of the two coffee varieties and their respective blends by designating different water conformations depending on the coffee variety and assigning a particular water absorption spectral pattern (WASP) depending on the blending ratio. Marked spectral features attributed to high hydrogen bonded water characterized Arabica-rich coffee, while those with the higher Robusta content showed an abundance of free water structures. Collectively, the obtained results ascertain the adequacy of NIRS and aquaphotomics as promising alternative tools for the authentication of liquid coffee that can correlate the water-related fingerprint to the Robusta-to-Arabica ratio.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Philippe ◽  
Damien De Bellis ◽  
Jocelyn K. C. Rose ◽  
Christiane Nawrath

Cuticles are specialized cell wall structures that form at the surface of terrestrial plant organs. They are largely comprised lipidic compounds and are deposited in the apoplast, external to the polysaccharide-rich primary wall, creating a barrier to diffusion of water and solutes, as well as to environmental factors. The predominant cuticle component is cutin, a polyester that is assembled as a complex matrix, within and on the surface of which aliphatic and aromatic wax molecules accumulate, further modifying its properties. To reach the point of cuticle assembly the different acyl lipid-containing components are first exported from the cell across the plasma membrane and then traffic across the polysaccharide wall. The export of cutin precursors and waxes from the cell is known to involve plasma membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; however, other secretion mechanisms may also contribute. Indeed, extracellular vesiculo-tubular structures have recently been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) to be associated with the deposition of suberin, a polyester that is structurally closely related to cutin. Intriguingly, similar membranous structures have been observed in leaves and petals of Arabidopsis, although in lower numbers, but no close association with cutin formation has been identified. The possibility of multiple export mechanisms for cuticular components acting in parallel will be discussed, together with proposals for how cuticle precursors may traverse the polysaccharide cell wall before their assimilation into the cuticle macromolecular architecture.


Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Jiawei Li ◽  
Xinji Zhou ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
Dianling Shen ◽  
Danqing Lu ◽  
...  

Gallic acid is widely used in the field of food and medicine due to its diversified bioactivities. The extraction method with higher specificity and efficiency is the key to separate and purify gallic acid from complex biological matrix. Herein, using self-made core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIP) with gallic acid as template, a hollow magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (HMMIP) with double imprinting/adsorption surfaces was prepared by etching the mesoporous silica intermediate layer of MMIP. The characterization and adsorption research showed that the HMMIP had larger specific surface area, higher magnetic response strength and a more stable structure, and the selectivity and saturated adsorption capacity (2.815 mmol/g at 318 K) of gallic acid on HMMIP were better than those of MMIP. Thus, in addition to MMIP, the improved HMMIP had excellent separation and purification ability to selectively extract gallic acid from complex matrix with higher specificity and efficiency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
A. Da¸sdemir ◽  

Certain product rules take various forms in the set of hypercomplex numbers. In this paper, we introduce a new multiplication form of the hypercomplex numbers that will be called «the Hadamard product», inspired by the analogous product in the real matrix space, and investigate some algebraic properties of that, including the norm of inequality. In particular, we extend our new definition and its applications to the complex matrix theory.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ji Eun Kim

In this paper, we give an extended quaternion as a matrix form involving complex components. We introduce a semicommutative subalgebra ℂ ℂ 2 of the complex matrix algebra M 4 , ℂ . We exhibit regular functions defined on a domain in ℂ 4 but taking values in ℂ ℂ 2 . By using the characteristics of these regular functions, we propose the corresponding Cauchy–Riemann equations. In addition, we demonstrate several properties of these regular functions using these novel Cauchy–Riemann equations. Mathematical Subject Classification is 32G35, 32W50, 32A99, and 11E88.


2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mironov ◽  
V. Mishnyakov ◽  
A. Morozov ◽  
R. Rashkov

AbstractIn the recent study of Virasoro action on characters, we discovered that it gets especially simple for peculiar linear combinations of the Virasoro operators: particular harmonics of $${\hat{w}}$$ w ^ -operators. In this letter, we demonstrate that even more is true: a singlew-constraint is sufficient to uniquely specify the partition functions provided one assumes that it is a power series in time-variables. This substitutes the previous specifications in terms of two requirements: either a string equation imposed on the KP/Toda $$\tau $$ τ -function or a pair of Virasoro generators. This mysterious single-entry definition holds for a variety of theories, including Hermitian and complex matrix models, and also matrix models with external matrix: the unitary and cubic Kontsevich models. In these cases, it is equivalent to W-representation and is closely related to super integrability. However, a similar single equation that completely determines the partition function exists also in the case of the generalized Kontsevich model (GKM) with potential of higher degree, when the constraint algebra is a larger W-algebra, and neither W-representation, nor superintegrability are understood well enough.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Lin ◽  
Xinglian Chen ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Haixian Fang ◽  
Maoxuan Li ◽  
...  

AbstractEight new generation amide insecticide residues analysis by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs) cleanup, combined with QuEChERS and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and successfully applied in complex matrix such as orange, celery, onion, litchi, mango, shallot, chives, avocado, garlic. The matric effect of MWCNs is optimized and compared with ordinary cleanup materials. The results show that the performance of MWCNs is fine and effectively reduce matrix interference. Through chemical structure skeletons analyzed, chlorantraniliprole, bromoantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole can cause same product ions of m/z 286.0 or 177.1 in the ESI+ mode, then tetrachlorantraniliprole and cyclaniliprole can produce collective ions of m/z 146.9 in the ESI− mode. The coefficients (R2) were greater than 0.9990, the limit of quantification ranges from 0.03 to 0.80 μg/kg, the recovery rate ranges from 71.2 to 120%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranges from 3.8 to 9.4%. The method is fast, simple, sensitive, and suitable for the rapid determination of amide pesticides in complex matrix agricultural food.


Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 818
Author(s):  
Rubén Agregán ◽  
Noemí Echegaray ◽  
Asad Nawaz ◽  
Christophe Hano ◽  
Gholamreza Gohari ◽  
...  

The food quality assurance before selling is a needed requirement intended for protecting consumer interests. In the same way, it is also indispensable to promote continuous improvement of sensory and nutritional properties. In this regard, food research has recently contributed with studies focused on the use of ‘foodomics’. This review focuses on the use of this technology, represented by transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, for the control and quality improvement of dairy products. The complex matrix of these foods requires sophisticated technology able to extract large amounts of information with which to influence their aptitude for consumption. Thus, throughout the article, different applications of the aforementioned technologies are described and discussed in essential matters related to food quality, such as the detection of fraud and/or adulterations, microbiological safety, and the assessment and improvement of transformation industrial processes (e.g., fermentation and ripening). The magnitude of the reported results may open the door to an in-depth transformation of the most conventional analytical processes, with the introduction of new techniques that allow a greater understanding of the biochemical phenomena occurred in this type of food.


Author(s):  
Diyah Utami Kusumaning Putri ◽  
Aina Musdholifah ◽  
Faizal Makhrus ◽  
Viet Hang Duong ◽  
Phuong Thi Le ◽  
...  

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