fat mass loss
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Obesities ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Heitor O. Santos

Clinical studies addressing the benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) diets have evoked interest in the treatment of obesity. Herein, the overall effects of IF regimens on fat-mass loss are explained in a brief review through a recent literature update. To date, human studies show a reduction in fat mass from 0.7 to 11.3 kg after IF regimens, in which the duration of interventions ranges from two weeks to one year. In light of this, IF regimens can be considered a reasonable approach to weight (fat mass) loss. However, the benefits of IF regimens occur thanks to energy restriction and cannot hence be considered the best dietary protocol compared to conventional diets.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Bini ◽  
Laura D’Erasmo ◽  
Brenno Astiarraga ◽  
Ilenia Minicocci ◽  
Maria Palumbo ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction: Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) are regulators of triglycerides storage and utilization. Bariatric surgery (BS) determines profound changes in adipose tissue composition and energy metabolism. We evaluated the impact of BS on plasma levels of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4.Method: Twenty-seven morbidly obese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 18 patients with advanced T2D received Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD). Fasting ANGPTLs levels, insulin sensitivity (evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp), total bile acids (TBA) and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured at baseline and 1year after surgery.Results: Both surgical procedures resulted in fat mass loss, improved glucose control, and a ~2-fold increase of insulin sensitivity. ANGPTL4 levels decreased significantly with both RYGB (26.6 ± 0.6 to 24.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL, p=0.001) and BPD (27.9 ± 1.5 to 24.0 ± 0.5 ng/mL, p=0.003). In contrast, ANGPTL3 concentrations did not change after RYGB but rose following BPD (225 ± 20 to 300 ± 15 ng/mL, p=0.003). By multiple regression analysis, changes in ANGPTL4 were independently associated with those of blood glucose, p=0.0169) whereas changes in ANGPTL3 after BPD were associated with variations in FFA (p=0.008) and insulin sensitivity (p=0.0427). Discussion: Circulating ANGPTL4 is reduced by BS probably due to the loss of fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity. Conversely, ANGPTL3 levels increased after BPD, presumably because of the metabolic changes induced by the malabsorptive effect of this surgical procedure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brennan Harris ◽  
Chia-Hua Kuo

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTExercise decreases abdominal fat mass, especially at high intensity. This outcome is not causally associated with fat burning, but better explained by carbon and nitrogen redistribution. Since abdominal fat tissue constantly releases fatty acids into circulation under post-absorptive condition with natural cell deaths, exercise diverts more post-meal carbon and nitrogen to muscle for energy repletion and cell regeneration after phagocytosis and stem cell homing. This in turn leads to concurrent fat mass loss and muscle mass gain. Respiratory ventilation during high-intensity aerobic exercise amplifies the competition for post-meal carbon and nitrogen against adipose tissues.


Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Blankenship ◽  
Rebecca C. Rosenberg ◽  
Corey A. Rynders ◽  
Edward L. Melanson ◽  
Victoria A. Catenacci ◽  
...  

AbstractMany adults cite exercise as a primary strategy for losing weight, yet exercise alone is modestly effective for weight loss and results in variable weight loss responses. It is possible that some of the variability in weight loss may be explained by the time of day that exercise is performed. Few studies have directly compared the effects of exercise performed at different times of the day (i. e., morning versus evening exercise). Results from these existing studies are mixed with some studies demonstrating superior weight and fat mass loss from morning exercise, while other studies have found that evening exercise may be better for weight management. Exercise timing may alter modifiable lifestyle behaviors involved in weight management, such as non-exercise physical activity, energy intake, and sleep. The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence for and against time-of-day dependent effects of exercise on weight management. Although limited, we also review studies that have examined the effect of exercise timing on other lifestyle behaviors linked to body weight regulation. While exercise at any time of day is beneficial for health, understanding whether there is an optimal time of day to exercise may advance personalized treatment paradigms for weight management.


Author(s):  
Roberto DE-CLEVA ◽  
Lilian CARDIA ◽  
Alexandre VIEIRA-GADDUCCI ◽  
Julia Maria GREVE ◽  
Marco Aurelio SANTO

ABSTRACT Background: In the last decades, numerous studies have confirmed the importance of lactate - by-product to the nutrient signal of the intracellular redox state - to regulatory functions in energy metabolism. Aim: To evaluate changes in blood lactate in patients with severe obesity and its correlation with body composition and metabolic profile. Methods: Twenty-four people with severe obesity (BMI=40 kg/m2) were evaluated in a prospective case-control study before and six months after Roux-in-Y gastric bypass. The blood lactate, total cholesterol, and fractions, C-reactive protein and HOMA-IR were analyzed after 12 h fasting. Body mass composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance and respiratory quotient was measured by indirect calorimetry. Results: The initial lactate level was 2.5±1.1 mmol/l and returned to normal level (1.9±3.6 mmol/l, p=0.0018) after surgery. This reduction was positively correlated with a decrease in BMI (p=0.0001), % free fat mass (p=0,001), % fat mass (p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.01). There was normalization of lactatemia in 70% of patients. There was no correlation between lactatemia and C-reactive protein. Conclusions: There was a significant improvement of metabolic parameters, normalization of blood lactate, fat mass loss, although these individuals remained with a high BMI.


Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Pini

Introduction: Sedentary lifestyle and excessive calorie intake are risk factors for CVD. We have demonstrated the cardioprotective effect of exercise in aged mice and the critical role of visceral adiposity and its profibrotic secretome in increasing cardiovascular risks in obesity and aging. The association between exercise, lowered plasma leptin and reduced inflammatory leukocytes has been recently shown in patients with atherosclerosis. It remains unclear whether elevated plasma leptin can preserve or alter cardiovascular function in obesity. Methods: We analyzed the effect of high fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J male mice on the heart in terms of function, structure, histology and key molecular markers. Two interventions were used: 1) active fat mass loss via exercise (daily swimming) during HFD; 2) passive fat mass loss via surgical removal of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT lipectomy) followed by HFD. Results: HFD increased body weight and adiposity, leading to higher plasma leptin, glucose and insulin levels, compared to control diet (CD) mice. HFD impaired left ventricle (LV) structure (hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis) and cardiac function (echocardiography, in vivo hemodynamics). Atria of HFD mice had enhanced pro-inflammatory protein production. Exercise reduced circulating leptin levels in HFD mice by 50%, in line with fat mass loss. In contrast, lipectomy reduced visceral fat mass, but body weight, adiposity and plasma leptin did not change. Both exercise and VAT lipectomy improved cardiac contractility, reversed collagen deposition and oxidative stress in HFD mice. Both interventions downregulated LV pro-inflammatory markers. We proved the role of leptin in cardiac remodeling in vitro by incubating primary cardiac fibroblasts with hyperleptinemic plasma from HFD mice. Remarkably, plasma from HFD-EX (exercise) suppressed the fibro-proliferative and pro-inflammatory responses of cardiac fibroblasts. Conclusions: Leptin directly contribute to cardiac fibrosis in obesity via activation and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Understanding how leptin signals to the heart might have implications in a wide range of CVD, potentially helping early stratification and personalized care.


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Iu. Iu. Mazur ◽  
S. B. Drozdovska ◽  
O. V. Andrieieva ◽  
Yu. Vinnichuk ◽  
A. Polishchuk ◽  
...  

Aim. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and PPARG coactivator 1α (PPARGC1A) is a key regulator of energy metabolism. This study examines the influence of PPARG and PPARGC1A gene polymorphisms on the PPARG expression, obesity risk, lipoprotein profile and effectiveness of the physical activity intervention for improvement of these parameters. Methods. 39 women with BMI>30 kg/m2 participated in the three-months fitness-program and followed a hypocaloric diet (1500 kCal). At the beginning and at the end of the program, the following anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured: BMI, percentage of total and visceral fat, amount of plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in PPARG (n=94) and PPARGC1A (n=138) genes. PPARG mRNA expression was measured through reverse transcription PCR. Results. The physical exercise intervention resulted in a significant fat mass loss in all participants (40.3±5.3% before the study vs 36.4±5.7% after the study, P<0.00001). Polymorphisms rs6442311, rs6846769, rs6846769 were associated with lower visceral fat percent, rs6442311 also correlated with PPARG expression. PPARGC1A polymorphisms rs4458444, rs2305681 were associated with plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triglyceride content. Weight loss effectiveness was connected with rs17650401, rs9833097, rs12629751. Conclusions. After correction for multiple comparisons only rs17650401, of PPARGC1A gene was associated with more effective fat mass reduction. Keywords: PPARG, obesity, single nucleotide polymorphism, weight loss, exercise intervention.


Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil ◽  
Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor

Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body’s response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1609-1609
Author(s):  
Anthony Basile ◽  
Michael Renner ◽  
Jessica Scillian ◽  
Karen Sweazea

Abstract Objectives As the never-ending macronutrient debate for weight loss continues, conflicting evidence persist. Per the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis, a low-carbohydrate diet (LC) should produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a low-fat/calorie diet (LF) by releasing less of the anabolic hormone insulin. However, from a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, does restricting calories on a LC diet produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a LF diet? Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of LC vs LF trials for weight loss was conducted and data were collected from 53 studies. Weight loss data were converted to kcals (1 kg = 3500 kcals) and a ratio was produced for each individual diet (ID-Ratio: weight loss in kcals/restricted dietary kcals) where a ratio of 1 indicates that one dietary kcal restriction equals one kcal of weight loss. Next, to compare the two diets, a comparison ratio (DC-Ratio: LC ID-Ration/LF ID-Ratio) was produced where a ratio greater than 1 indicates greater weight loss per dietary calorie restricted with LC diet. These calculations were repeated for body fat loss for full duration (n = 30 trials) and time of greatest weight loss (TGWL; Weight Loss: n = 19 trials; Fat Mass Loss: n = 4 trials). Results LC diets produced a greater weight loss (Full Duration: 6.10 kg vs 4.86 kg; n = 53 trials; P = 0.024; TGWL: 6.29 kg vs 4.34 kg; n = 19 trials; P = 0.024), however no difference was found for the amount of restricted calories or fat mass loss for either duration. No difference was found for the LC and LF ID-Ratios for weight or fat mass loss for either duration. The mean weight loss DC-Ratio was greater than 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.61, SD: 1.71, n = 53 studies, P = 0.004; TGWL Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.0, n = 19 trails, P = 0.010) indicating a greater weight loss per calorie restricted with a LC diet. However, the fat loss DC-Ratio was not different from 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.09, n = 30 trials, P = 0.552; TGWL Mean: 1.25, SD: 0.53, n = 4 trials, P = 0.428). Conclusions From a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, restricting calories on a LC diet produced a greater weight loss for the full duration of the trails and at the time of greatest weight loss compared to a LF diet. As no effect was seen on LC diets and fat mass loss, these results do not support the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis of obesity. Funding Sources School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.


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