Representation of Race and Ethnicity in Counseling and Counseling Psychology Journals

Literature reviews have concluded that People of Color are underrepresented in psychological literature; however, the fields of counseling and counseling psychology have taken a clear affirmative stance with respect to human diversity. This study sought to evaluate the representation of People of Color in four key journals across the 2000–2019 timespan: The Counseling Psychologist, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Journal of Counseling & Development, and Counselling Psychology Quarterly. Journal articles were coded for variables including focus on racial/ethnic minority (REM) groups and article content topics. Results indicated that 26.3% of the articles were coded as REM-focused (3.8% focused on African Americans, 4.1% on Asian Americans, 3.1% on Latinxs, and 0.7% on Native Americans). The need for additional research is especially notable in the case of Latinxs (the least represented REM group relative to United States Census estimates) and for several multicultural topics that remain underrepresented in the literature.

Disability and Human Diversity: A Reinterpretation of Ẹni-òòṣà1 Philosophy in Yorùbá Belief

As an exercise in African philosophy, this paper examines and demonstrates the limitations of the two popular extremes in disability studies, namely, the medical and social models of disability. While the former is essentialist in rendering disability as a fixed condition and as an individual problem to be confronted with medical intervention, the latter identifies it as a social problem that requires social intervention. The paper employs the methods of hermeneutics, critical and conceptual analyses to facilitate an understanding that, within the context of Yorùbá belief, disability goes beyond the realm of human beings and involves the active participation of Yorùbá deities, especially Òrìṣà-ńlá or Ọbàtálá. Consequently, it questions the assumptions associated with the recognition of the dichotomy between “normality” and “abnormality” and confronts the mystical and/or mythographic representation of ẹni-òòṣà or persons with disabilities with a view to offering new insights into how persons with disabilities ought to be conceptualized in order to promote their inherent human dignity.

Corners, Tables, Lines

The modern concept of race is usually traced back to proponents of a “natural history of mankind” in the European Enlightenment. Starting from allegorical representations of the four continents in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the eighteenth-century visual genre of castas paintings, I suggest that modern conceptions of race were significantly shaped by diagrammatic representations of human diversity that allowed for tabulation of data, combinatorial analysis, and quantification, and hence functioned as “tools to think with.” Accounting for racial ancestry in terms of “proportions of blood” not only became a preoccupation of scholars as a consequence, but also came to underwrite administrative practices and popular discourses. To contribute to a better understanding of the history of race relations, historians of the race concept need to pay more attention to these diagrammatic aspects of the concept.

Population structure in the MHC region

In his 1972 "The apportionment of human diversity", Richard Lewontin showed that, when averaged over loci, genetic diversity is predominantly attributable to differences among individuals within populations. However, selection on specific genes and genomic regions can alter the apportionment of diversity. We examine genetic diversity at the HLA loci, located within the MHC region. HLA genes code for proteins that are critical to adaptive immunity and are well-documented targets of balancing selection. The SNPs within HLA genes show strong signatures of balancing selection on large timescales and are broadly shared among populations, with low FST values. However, when we analyze haplotypes defined by these SNPs (i.e., which define "HLA alleles"), we find marked differences in frequencies between geographic regions. These differences are not reflected in the FST values because of the extreme polymorphism at HLA loci, illustrating challenges in interpreting FST. Differences in the frequency of HLA alleles among geographic regions are relevant to bone-marrow transplantation, which requires genetic identity at HLA loci between patient and donor. We explore the case of Brazil's bone-marrow registry, where a deficit of enrolled volunteers with African ancestry reduces the chance of finding donors for individuals with an MHC region of African ancestry.

Towards inclusion and diversity in the light of Universal Design: three administrative buildings in Aswan city as case studies

Social inclusion aims to achieve an inclusive society that entails respect for human diversity and upholds principles of equality and equity, allowing all groups to take part in the society. Universal Design (UD) promotes inclusiveness by supporting access for all and easy use of the built environment, thus eliminating any form of exclusion and discrimination.This study examines the UD application in Aswan’s administrative buildings. The study relied on the descriptive, analytical, and inductive approach, through the identification of deficiencies in the selected administrative buildings’ design, and the clarification of development strategies to make these buildings for all. The case study method has two processes (approaches) in evaluating the case study buildings; the first was by the researchers according to UD requirements using the study’s checklist; the second was by users according to UD principles using interviews and task sheets.This research aims at emphasizing the positive effects of UD application on the selected buildings. In addition, it also aims at determining the compatibility of those buildings with the UD concept.The study result showed that the case study buildings are not compatible considerably with the requirements of the UD and its principles. The research concluded that architects should consider UD requirements and principles when designing administrative buildings and when rehabilitating and developing the existing ones.Thus, the study’s outputs could be used as a guidance tool by architects and construction managers in introducing universally designed buildings to all users.

The apportionment of citations: A scientometric analysis of Lewontin, 1972

"The Apportionment of Human Diversity" (1972) is the most highly cited research article published by geneticist Richard Lewontin in his career. This study's primary result--that most genetic diversity in humans can be accounted for by within-population differences, not between-population differences--along with Lewontin's outspoken, politically-charged interpretations thereof, has become foundational to the scientific and cultural discourse pertaining to human genetic variation. The article has an unusual bibliometric trajectory in that it is much more salient in the bibliographic record today compared to the first 20 years after its publication. Here, we show how the paper's fame was shaped by four factors: 1) citations in influential publications across several disciplines; 2) Lewontin's own popular books and media appearances; 3) the renaissance of population genetics research of the early 1990s; and 4) the serendipitous collision of scientific progress, influential books/papers, and heated controversies in the year 1994. We conclude with an analysis of Twitter data to characterize the communities and conversations that continue to keep this study at the epicenter of discussions about race and genetics, prompting new challenges for scientists who have inherited Lewontin's legacy.

Evolution of racism in Spanish music textbooks: a real path towards interculturality through images?

Purpose An analysis of the images in music education textbooks for primary education has shown how the images do not fully reflect the human diversity present in the classroom and, therefore, continue to perpetuate positions that can lead to racism. The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the images to carried out has demonstrated how little progress has been made in the representation of diversity and how, in the 21st century, stereotypes continue to persist in the representation of cultural diversity. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative and qualitative data collected after analysing more than 2,600 images have shown that despite the considerable increase in the use of images in music textbooks, typical clichés about what instruments are played in the world and how those who play them are represented are still present. Findings The results also show how the images reflect the migratory flows experienced in each country. All of this has led to important conclusions, among which the importance of human diversity in images for students to normalise cultural diversity from and with musical educational materials should be highlighted. Research limitations/implications The analysis of the 2,686 images showed how the use of the human figure has evolved up to the last educational reform. Firstly, the analysis of images focused on the evolution (year) of the presence of diversity (ethnicity) in the musical groupings represented (orchestra, band, choir, soloist or chamber group), as well as the evolution with respect to the type of instrument represented. Practical implications With the aim of analysing the evolution in the representation of diversity in music textbooks, the authors searched the most important publishing houses in Spain. To analyse the evolution of the visual depiction of diversity in music education textbooks in light of legislative and social changes related to race, the authors constructed several variables under the category labelled “Ethnicity”. Social implications The images analysed, especially those included under the Organic General Law on the Educational System of 4 October 1990 and the Organic Law 2/2006 on Education of 3 May, tended to pair certain instruments with people with physical characteristics associated with particular ethnic profiles. In terms of musical activities, the main results can be summarised as follows: although the completely homogenous depiction of White Europeans in musical activities has given way to modestly more diverse representation, images of composition are still dominated by this group. Originality/value The authors’ analysis has led to the following conclusions, which demonstrate the need to continue the progress seen in the past several decades. The representation of human diversity in music textbooks can be considered a reality, not only in terms of the instruments with which they are represented but also in terms of their representation in other situations depicted in these textbooks. The progressive increase of images in music textbooks reflects the culturally diverse society of the national territory. However, the increase in this representation is not as considerable as might be expected. The typified representation of instruments associated with certain physical characteristics is starting to wane.

Vivienda para estudiantes indígenas: permanencia, representatividad y proceso de proyecto participativo

This article presents the project process adopted for the design of indigenous student housing at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and discusses its impact both on the formative process of architecture and urbanism students, regarding the experiences of indigenous students at the University. Aside from the relevance of that architecture as support for the permanence of students in public higher education, its importance as a symbol of shelter and respect for indigenous peoples at the university stands out. For this purpose, a participatory project was built that began with dialogues stages with indigenous students at the university and interactions with one of the ethnicities involved in its traditional territory (its village), for the definition of project guidelines and the needs’ program. Subsequently, for the proposal’s presentation and discussion, experiences were gathered in the proposed area for the project’s implementation and the physical models and drawings were presented, which were used to facilitate dialogue and participation of Indigenous students in the project process. The article presents the path followed, the spatial results of this process, the perceptions of the future users of the space, and reflections on the importance of outreach actions in the training of professionals in the area of architecture and urbanism, valuing the social role of the profession, and building a more sensitive projective repertoire, prepared to consider the human diversity that contemporaneity constitutes.