Low-Cost and Eco-Friendly Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Derived from Eggshell Waste for Cephalexin Removal

This work describes the hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (HAP) preparation from eggshell waste and their application as an adsorbent for Cephalexin (Ceph) antibiotic removal from aqueous solutions. Chemical precipitation with phosphoric acid was used to evaluate the feasibility of calcium oxide for HAP preparation. The structural properties of HAP were characterized by X-ray diffraction, which revealed the formation of the hydroxyapatite crystalline phase formation. In addition, transmitting electron spectroscopy showed an irregular shape with a variation in size. The impact of various experimental conditions on the removal efficiency such as the solution’s pH, contact time, HAP mass, solution temperature, and Ceph concentration were studied. Experimental data showed that HAP could remove most Ceph species from aqueous solutions within 1 h at pH = 7 with 70.70% adsorption efficiency utilizing 50 mg of the HAP. The removal process of Ceph species by HAP was kinetically investigated using various kinetic models, and the results showed the suitability of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the adsorption process description. Moreover, the removal process was thermodynamically investigated; the results showed that the removal was spontaneous endothermic and related to the randomness increase. The data confirmed that HAP had high efficiency in removing Ceph antibiotics from an aqueous solution.

Au nanoparticles loaded Hydroxyapatite catalyst prepared from waste eggshell: synthesis, characterization and application in VOC removal

Eggshell, which is made almost entirely of calcium carbonate, is among the most abundant waste materials from poultry production. In 2018, the worldwide egg production exceeded 78 million metric tons which contributed to over 8 million metric tons of eggshell waste. However, this waste can be converted into useful materials for several industrial applications. Herein, hydroxyapatite (HAp) of fine particles was prepared using a green synthesis procedure in water medium from eggshell waste. Then, HAp was utilized as support material for loading different contents of Au nanoparticles (0.2 and 0.5 wt%). The materials were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared catalysts were used for VOCs oxidation of formaldehyde in continuous flow and humid condition. In this study, Au/HAp (0.2 wt%) exhibited superior catalytic activity with good low-temperature reproducibility and high dispersion of particles on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Hence, hydroxyapatite prepared from eggshell waste is considered as a promising support material for noble metal catalysts for VOCs oxidation.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Telur sebagai Pupuk Organik Cair di Kecamatan Rumbai Bukit

<p><em><strong>Utilization of Eggshell Waste As Liquid Organic Fertilizer in Rumbai Bukit District.</strong> Eggshell waste can be used for the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer. Eggshells can come from laying hens farm waste and household kitchen waste. The utilization of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from eggshell waste is done to minimize environmental pollution. In addition, eggshell waste recycling has economic value. The activity of making liquid organic fertilizer was carried out by 10 Kukerta students, Riau University. The location for making liquid organic fertilizer is in the yard of Mr. Masdi's house, the chairman of RW 7, Rumbai Bukit District. The method of making liquid organic fertilizer is by fermentation for 10 days at a temperature of around 40^oC. The materials used are eggshells, EM4 solution, brown sugar, and water, while the tools needed are a basin, a bottle, a grinder, and a thermometer. The purpose of this program is to increase the knowledge of the residents of Rumbai Bukit on the benefits of eggshell waste in making POC. So far, eggshell waste has only been piled up on vacant land belonging to the village and as a source of air pollution. Making POC from 1 kg of eggshell powder produced 500 ml. During the practice, 7 bottles of POC were produced containing 500 mL per bottle with a capital of Rp. 5,000 per bottle. POC testing on chili and papaya plants planted in people's yards was carried out with qualitative observations of the leaves which showed wider leaves than plants that were not given POC. The results of the participation questionnaire to increase the knowledge and skills of the RW 7 Rumbai Bukit community in participating in activities and developing POC manufacturing increased by 87.5%. This outreach activity adds to the value of eggshell waste every 1 kg after it becomes a POC, which is sold for a profit of Rp. 10,000. Utilization of eggshell waste as POC can increase the economy of the Family Welfare Development (PKK) women's group by 50%.</em></p>

Calcium Glycerolate Catalyst Derived from Eggshell Waste for Cyclopentadecanolide Synthesis

The synthesis costs of macrolide musks are higher than those of other commercial musks. To make this process less expensive, eggshell waste was calcined at a low temperature to obtain a catalyst for the cyclopentadecanolide production via reactive distillation using a glycerol entrainer. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the original and recovered catalysts revealed that the main catalytic ingredient was calcium glycerolate (CaG) and not calcium diglyceroxide (CaDG). The basic strengths of CaG and CaDG obtained by Hammett indicators were 7.2 &lt; H_≤ 15.0 and 9.8 &lt; H_≤15.0, while the corresponding base amounts were 1.9 and 7.3 mmol/ g, respectively. Because CaG was soluble in glycerine, the catalyst was efficiently reused. The reaction product containing over 95.0% cyclopentadecanolide with a yield of 49.8% was obtained at a temperature of 190°C and catalyst amount of 12 wt% after 7 h of reaction. Thus, eggshell waste may be directly placed into the reaction mixture after calcination at 600°C to synthesise a large amount of cyclopentadecanolide within a relatively short time. The results of this work indicate that eggshell waste can serve as a potential eco-friendly and affordable catalyst source for the production of macrolide musks.

PEMANFAATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG TELUR UNTUK LAHAN PERTANIAN MELALUI PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT

ABSTRAKPenanggulangan limbah yang dimanfaatkan dari segi pengetahuan masyarakat dapat dikatakan masih minim, terutama masyarakat desa. Seperti yang diketahui, ketika limbah yang dinyatakan sudah tidak terpakai namun ketika di daur ulang dapat mengurangi jumlah sampah secara signifikan. Desa Kutamekar yang terletak di Kecamatan Ciampel - Kabupaten Karawang terbilang cukup banyak menjadi produsen dan konsumen telur. Sehingga hal ini cepat lambat akan menumpuknya limbah cangkang telur di lingkungan sekitar permukiman. Maka melalui Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini, bertujuan untuk melakukan sosialisasi, edukasi dan implementasi dalam pemanfaatan pupuk organik dari limbah cangkang telur untuk lahan pertanian. Materi Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat berupa membandingkan hasil dari CaCO3 dari Cangkang Telur dan CaCO3 Komersil, didapatkan hasilnya yang tidak terlalu jauh. Namun berdasarkan hasil uji laboratorium yang dilakukan terdapat banyak di Cangkang Telur. Maka sebagai bentuk implementasi pemberian pupuk dilakukan terhadap tanaman pakcoy. Dari hal ini dilakukan pengamatan setiap minggu sekali yang dilakukan di hari minggu selama 1 bulan. Sebagai kesimpulan dilakukan penyebaran kuesioner terhadap masyarakat guna mengetahaui seberapa jauh materi yang telah dilaksanakan. Kata kunci: cangkang telur; pupuk organik; CaCO3. ABSTRACTWaste management that is utilized in terms of community knowledge can be said to be still minimal, especially the village community. As is known, when the waste is declared unused but when recycled can reduce the amount of waste significantly. Kutamekar Village located in Ciampel District - Karawang Regency is quite a lot to be a producer and consumer of eggs. So this will quickly accumulate eggshell waste in the environment around the settlement. So through this Community Service, it aims to socialize, educate and implement in the utilization of organic fertilizers from eggshell waste for agricultural land. Community Service Material in the form of comparing the results of CaCO3 from EggShells and Commercial CaCO3, obtained results that are not too far away. But based on the results of laboratory tests conducted there are many in the eggshell. So as a form of implementation of fertilizer delivery is carried out on pakcoy plants. From this is done observations every week that is done on sundays for 1 months. In conclusion, the dissemination of questionnaires to the community to determine how far the material has been implemented. Keywords: eggshell; organic fertilizers; CaCO3.

Total Phosphorus and Reactive Phosphate Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater using Calcined Eggshell

Phosphorus is the key nutrient in fish feed, and it has been one of the major soluble nutrients found in aquaculture wastewater (AW). This work aims to evaluate the removal of Total Phosphorus (TP) and Reactive Phosphate (PO4 3-) via adsorption in batch studies using thermally calcined eggshell as adsorbent. The effect of calcination temperature (700 – 1000°C), particle size and holding time were investigated. The screening phase showed that calcined eggshell at 800 °C for 30 minutes was the most suitable condition. Characterization of adsorbents revealed that crystalline structure and functional groups were responsible for the TP and PO4 3- removal using calcined eggshell from AW. Adsorption equilibrium was attained after 15 min with the dosage of 0.2 g of the optimized adsorbent, capable of removing more than 97 % of TP and PO4 3- from AW. This finding has proven the ability of calcined eggshell waste as a potential phosphorus adsorbent from liquid effluents.

Synthesis of Sustainable and High Purity of Quicklime Derived from Calcination of Eggshell Waste in a Laboratory-Scale Rotary Furnace

Quick lime or calcium oxide has attracted significant attention as a sustainable material to be used as fillers and catalysts in a broad range of industries. The quick lime derived from calcination of eggshell waste in a laboratory-scale rotary furnace is reported in this study. The eggshell waste was prepared by washing several times, drying in the sun, grinding and sieving through a 250 micrometers sieve size. Calcination of the sieved eggshells waste was conducted in a single zone rotary tube furnace at 800 °C with 5 degree slope and at 1 rpm. Both physical and chemical properties of the calcium oxide derived from the calcination of eggshell waste were systematically investigated by various scientific instruments. The results from powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence: (XRF) showed that most of the calcium carbonate in the eggshell waste was thermally transformed to nano-calcium oxide with mean crystallite size of 47.5 nm and with a purity of 97.8%. The results from this study indicated the optimum conditions and the possibility for mass production of nano-calcium oxide via rotary furnace and have shown that the obtained nano-calcium oxide is comparable to the commercial chemical.