The organizational culture of airlines as a risk factor for the professional health of pilots and flight safety in modern Russian Civil Aviation

Introduction. We present the study results of pilots of different age groups about the role of campaign policies in ensuring the safety of flights, health, and social well-being of pilots. The study aims to learn the ideas of civil aviation pilots of different age groups about the role of campaign policies in ensuring flight safety. Materials and methods. The researchers used the following methods as empirical research methods: focus group method, content analysis of pilots' statements, frequency analysis method, implemented in the SPSS-20 program. Results. According to the frequency analysis results, we identified adverse factors of the labor process that negatively affect flight safety. Of these, the most damaging factors of labor activity are: a violation of the elements and features of the organizational, legal and material, and economic management subsystems (organizational characteristics) - 97.5% of respondents; infringement of the work and rest regime of civil aviation pilots - 100% of respondents; stress in the workplace - 92.5% of respondents; poor-quality training - 77.5%; manipulation of wages - 77%. Conclusions. The analysis of the obtained results allows us to conclude that the management policy of the organization and personnel is a crucial factor determining flight safety, a high level of motivation to work, productivity, and health of pilots.

A SA�DE MENTAL DOS PILOTOS DE AVI�O: UMA AN�LISE SISTEM�TICA DA LITERATURA

A organiza��o do trabalho do piloto de avi�o estabelece-se em um ambiente desafiador e � composta por in�meros estressores. Esta revis�o sistem�tica se disp�s a verificar se a organiza��o do trabalho do piloto de avi�o afeta sua sa�de mental, intencionando compendiar estudos cient�ficos que investigam a preval�ncia e causas subjacentes dos transtornos mentais. Para composi��o da amostra de artigos foram realizadas buscas em diversas bases de dados utilizando-se os descritores: Mental Health, Depression, Fatigue, Occupational Stress, Stress Psychological associados ao descritor Aviation Pilots. A busca apresentou 1904 publica��es que ap�s passarem pelo processo de triagem e elegibilidade resultou em 13 estudos. Estes foram categorizados em 3 grupos. O primeiro analisou a forma como a organiza��o do trabalho e os aspectos psicossociais afetam a vida dos pilotos, o segundo avaliou o ciclo circadiano do sono e a fadiga, o terceiro verificou a incid�ncia de depress�o. Os resultados mostraram que os pilotos tem alto desgaste, alta exig�ncia de trabalho, tendo sido encontrados quadros de fadiga, burnout, depress�o e ansiedade. Desta forma, a literatura encontrada demostrou que diversos fatores na rotina do piloto de avi�o de linhas a�reas comerciais, incluindo a fadiga, contribuem negativamente para a sa�de mental desse profissional, aumentando a chance de quadros depressivos.�

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of working conditions of civil aviation pilots

Introduction. The analysis of working conditions of pilots of civil aviation aircraft has been carried out according to the data of sanitary and hygienic characteristics (SHC). The non-compliances with hygiene standards for several factors have been established at the same time in all SHC. Materials and methods. The 220 SHC of pilots, who had been examined in the clinic of FSBSI RIOH due to suspicion of occupation disease from 2015 to 2019, conducting flights by plane (49%) and helicopter (51%) were analyzed. The methods of account of acoustic load, hygiene assessment and classification of working conditions, peer review methods, and statistical treatment methods have been used. Results. The working conditions, according to the criteria of the Guide R 2.2.2006-05, are assigned to the following classes: 3.2 - in 26%; 3.3 - in 41%; 3.4 - in 33%. Exceeding the permissible equivalent noise levels was recorded at 92% of workplaces. According to SHC, the exceedances were from 1.2 dB to 34.5 dB (class 3.1-3.4). In assessing the work intensity in 83% of cases from 5 to 11 indicators of class 3.2 were recorded. It has determined class 3.3 of work intensity. The levels of general vibration exceeded hygiene standards in 48% of cases (class 3.1- 3.2), local vibration - in 8% (class 3.1-3.2), microclimate parameters - in 67% (class 3.1-3.2), labour severity - in 22% (class 3.1-3.3), less often there were discrepancies in light (6%) and chemical factor (2%). Conclusion. According to a combination of factors, the overall assessment of working conditions of the pilots of civil aviation aircraft in 74% of cases is assigned to classes 3.3-3.4. However, the disadvantages and errors in filling out the SHC can underestimate the degree of harmfulness of the work. To improve the procedure of establishing the connection between the disease, and the profession it is necessary to amend the legislative framework to obtain objective information about the levels of factors affecting pilots, develop a separate form of SHC of working conditions of pilots, detailed instructions about the rules of filling out SHC.

THE STUDY OF RUSSIAN CIVILIAN AVIATION PILOTS’ MORTALITY

Introduction. The work of civilian aviation pilots is characterized by heavy psychological and emotional stress in combination with other occupational factors. Such complex of adverse working conditions appears to be a risk for functional and somatic disorders, which may subsequently be reflected in the causes and rates of mortality in the distant period. The aim of this work is to study the mortality of retired civilian aviation pilots. Methods. A prospective cohort epidemiological study of civilian aviation pilots’ mortality. The cohort included 4513 male civilian aviation pilots of Russia who completed their employment and received employment pension. The follow-up period was 10 years (01.01.2010-31.12.2019), with 22156.9 person-years obtained. The age-specific mortality rates were calculated for 5-year age groups, the mortality risk was assessed using standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The comparison group was the male Russian population. Results. As of 31.12.2019, out of 4513 civilian aviation pilots, 150 people deceased (3.3%). The age-specific mortality rates in the retired pilots’ cohort were lower in all age groups compared to the male Russian population, except for the 35-39 age group. The all-cause mortality risk for civilian aviation pilots was significantly lower compared to the male Russian population, SMR=0.31 (95%CL 0.26-0.36). Conclusion. Further research is required to determine the long-term effects of working conditions on civilian aviation pilots’ health. The follow-up period for the pilots’ cohort should be increases to 20 years and more.

RATIONALE FOR PERSPECTIVE APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SENSOR LOADS IN HIGHLY QUALIFIED OPERATOR PROFILE SPECIALISTS IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

Introduction. Today, the assessment of sensory loads among operators of the operator profile is incorrect due to the complication of systems and processes with which operators work, as well as a subjective expert assessment of the number of perceived signals. It is necessary to use objective methods for registering this indicator. Purpose of the work: substantiation of the application of the eye-tracking method for assessing the sensory loads of drivers of public land urban transport and pilots of civil aviation. Methods. The study involved 45 public transport drivers and 24 civil aviation pilots. The assessment of sensory loads by the eye-tracking method was carried out. The results obtained were compared with the data obtained in accordance with R 2.2.2006-05. Results. In total, during 1 hour of driving, the driver received 3159 signals, which is 4.5 times more than the number of signals identified by the expert. The density of signals perceived by the pilot was 2262, however, according to the eye-tracker, the indicator is significantly higher - 9848 signals. Conclusions. The proposed approach to assessing visual loads can be applied to various professional groups and will help to objectively assess this indicator, avoiding expert errors.

An Examination of Pilot-Reported Trust and Response to Information Conflicts Experienced on the Flight Deck

The purpose of this study was to examine how pilots respond to conflicting information on the flight deck. In this study, 108 airline, corporate, and general aviation pilots completed an online questionnaire reporting weather, traffic, and navigation information conflicts experienced on the flight deck, including which information sources they trusted and acted on. Results indicated that weather information conflicts are most commonly experienced, and typically between a certified source in the panel and an uncertified electronic flight bag application. Most participants (a) trusted certified systems due to their accuracy, reliability, recency, and knowledge about the source, and (2) acted on the certified system due to trust, being trained and required to use it, and its indicating a more hazardous situation.

Qualitative Assessment of General Aviation Pilots’ Perceptions of Preflight Weather Briefings

Prior to departing on a flight, General Aviation pilots complete a preflight planning process to ensure the safety of their flight. One aspect of the preflight planning process is obtaining a briefing on the weather conditions that the pilot might encounter along their flight route. Traditionally pilots have utilized a phone-in service, run by Flight Services, to aid in their assessment of weather conditions; however, research indicates that pilots are increasingly reliant on conducting self- briefing using online resources. The purpose of this study is to determine pilot perceptions of obtaining a phone-in brief in comparison to self-briefing.

Fundamentals of the Model of Implementation of the Pedagogical System For Ensuring the Quality of Ground Training of Future Tactical Aviation Pilots in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the still unresearched problem of modern didactic theory (within the framework of professional, military and professional aviation pedagogy) - the system of ensuring the quality of ground training of future tactical aviation pilots in the institution of Higher Military Education (SVVO) of Ukraine. Since the current system of training cadetsmilitary pilots in the Russian military educational institution is essentially a post-Soviet pedagogical relic, which has its roots in the morally outdated Soviet method of flight training, a systematic search for the latest alternative seems relevant and timely. Comprehensive author's research of the last five years on the problem of professional training of future tactical aviation pilots, as well as personal experience and observations of the author, allow us to confidently state that the theory of this problem clearly requires a thorough revision and addition of the pedagogical component. The most significant gap, according to the author, is the lack of a complete modern pedagogical system for ensuring the quality of professional training of future military aviation specialists in terms of ground training. The latter plays no less important role in all training than direct flight training in the sky. At the same time, ignoring the didactic features and propeidic function of ground training in the SVVO often leads to insufficient technical, physical, psychological, and most importantly competent readiness of cadets for flight training. The author has developed his own pedagogical system for ensuring the quality of ground training for future tactical aviation pilots, which is currently being tested experimentally on the basis of the Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv National Air Force University (Ukraine) and offers a structural and functional model of its implementation. This article reveals the basics of this pedagogical model and substantiates its content