WIDOWER’S AGE AND NUMBER OF CHILDREN AFFECT PARENTING STYLE AND REMARRIAGE DECISION

Highlight:1. The widow will outsource childcare to other people, such as the widow's mother, stepmother, aunt, or other relatives who believe they know more about childcare after the wife's death.3. There was a significant relationship between widower’s age and the number of children affecting parenting style and remarriage decision.Abstract:Background: The high maternal mortality ratio automatically represents the highest number of widowers in Indonesia. The change of status from a husband to a widower does not rule out the possibility of being able to change his role and function in the family. Objective: To describe that the widower’s age and the number of children have an impact on the parenting style and the desire to remarry. Materials and Methods: This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Husbands who had been left by their wives for two years or more owing to maternal death and had one or more children before the wife's maternal death were the subjects of this study. Widower’s age, as well as kid’s parenting patterns before the death of the mother were recorded. This study was likewise subjected to an ethics review and relied on informed consent. Results: Widowers who had one child before their wife's death and decided to remarry accounted for 7 subjects (87.5%), while those who did not remarry accounted for 5 (31.3%). On the association between a widower’s age and child-rearing practices, there were two respondents (40%) who chose to entrust their children’s care to someone else or not to be cared by themselves. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between widower’s age and the number of children and the parenting style and remarriage decision. Single parents who decided to remarry were single parents at a relatively younger age.

IOT Based Baby Monitoring System

The current number of working mothers has increased dramatically. Later, child-rearing has become a daily challenge for many families. Thus, many parents send their children to grandparents' homes or to daycare centers. However, parents are not always able to monitor their children's every move. Therefore, the Internet of Things-based Baby Monitoring System (IoTBBMS) is being proposed as an efficient and inexpensive IoT-based monitoring system in real time. We also came up with a new algorithm for our system that plays a key role in providing better child care in the absence of parents. In the design process, the Node Micro-Controller Unit (NodeMCU) is used to collect sensor-readable data and upload it via Wi-Fi to the AdaFruit BLYNK server. The proposed system uses sensors to monitor important fetal parameters, such as ambient temperature, humidity, and crying. The system structure consists of a baby's crib that will automatically swipe using the engine when the baby cries. Parents can also monitor their children's condition with an external webcam and open a playful toy located on the baby's crib from a BLYNK server to entertain the baby. The proposed prototype of the system is designed and tested to prove its cost-effectiveness and simplicity and to ensure safe operation to enable child rearing anywhere and anytime via the network. Finally, the child monitoring system is proven to be effective in monitoring the child's condition and the environment in accordance with the model. All data taken from the sensors / modules will be stored in the Mobile application and periodically updated. The Health Algorithm is used in these databases to get information about useful physical conditions as any common symptoms of the disease can be easily identified. The proposed prototype of the system is designed and tested to prove its cost-effectiveness and simplicity and to ensure safe operation to enable child rearing anywhere and anytime via the network. Finally, the child monitoring system is proven to be effective in monitoring the child's condition and the environment according to the prototype. Keywords: IOT, Research, Node MCU, BLYNK, MQTT

Family Motif in the Epic “Bahrom and Gulandom”

The present paper is about the noble views of our national values, including family, child rearing and respect for ancestors reflected in Uzbek folk epics. Each folk epic - whether it is gallant, romantic or historical in nature, to a certain degree imaginatively communicates the nation’s views on great and fiendish, man and nature, family and society, love and commitment, life and death. The peoples of the world started to completely understand this truth within the period when their heroic epics were being created and shaped, and expressed it artistically in their epics. Afterward, when the states developed and the issue of statehood was resolved, the idea of the family, which was of break even with significance to the solidarity of the people, got to be the staged stage of the historical-folklore process after the heroic epics.

Every Picture Tells a Story: Parenting Advice Books Provide a Window on the Past

This paper comprises a collection of illustrations, along with background information, analysis, and commentary, from “baby books”—advice books published in the United States for a parent audience from the 1890s to the 1980s. These publications, and especially their drawings and photos, provide a window on past child rearing practices and beliefs. The paper provides historical background on parenting behaviors such as toilet training and infant feeding, then traces changes over time through drawings and photos that appeared in parenting advice publications. These publications grew in popularity as changing work and family structures removed traditional sources of information for parents, and scientific information and expert guidance took their place. Publications from a variety of sources, but especially the U.S. Children’s Bureau, are explored. A finding of note is that images of babies and their families, which in earlier publications were entirely white and middle class, became more diverse over time. The author concludes that published parental advice from professionals made for a fascinating study, was ideologically driven, and often lacked a basis in empirical scientific knowledge of child development, and therefore asserts that parents may regard such advice conditionally.

Impact of foreign domestic workers on the fertility decision of households: evidence from Hong Kong

A potential solution to low fertility is the employment of foreign domestic workers (FDWs), who substitute child-rearing and housework duties, thus reducing child-rearing costs. Recent studies argue that the flow of low-skilled foreign workers into the childcare sector influences fertility choice. However, these studies mainly use the availability of FDWs in the local area as the causal inference and focus on Western countries, making it difficult to identify individual direct effects or generalize the findings to other countries. To bridge this research gap and examine the impacts, this study uses household data from the Hong Kong census. Employing ordinary least squares, the inverse probability weighted regression adjustment, and the instrumental variable approach, we find that households that employ live-in FDWs give birth to more children. Moreover, the heterogeneous analysis reveals that women's greater proportional contribution to household income has a positive impact on households' fertility response after employing the FDWs.

Introductory article for Special issue: Conceptions of early childhood and institutions in a global context

The recognition of the importance of early childhood education (ECE) has been growing continuously in recent years. Early childhood institutions are where professional pedagogy and child-rearing practices meet first in someones' life (Tobin et al., 2009), it has great significance in education. Acknowledgement of the existence of the needs of young children's education is evident, however, we have limited chances to compare different education systems outside of Europe and the United States. Realizing this situation, we came to the conclusion that it is highly necessary and required to publish such an analytical issue in the Hungarian Education Research Journal. Teacher's views and their narratives of childhood are relevant if we aim to understand the fundamental differences of ECE institutions in any region or country. In our present investigation we collected data from Hungary, Laos and Malaysia in order to acquire greater knowledge on the conceptions of early childhood in the three countries. We assumed however that the teachers' qualification and the early childcare system is diverse, yet we have found similarities among the teachers' perception.