Lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone) derived anticancer agents

2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone, commonly known as lawsone, represents an extremely important biologically active naturally occurring compound. It can easily be isolated from Lawsonia inermis (henna) tree leaf extract. Last decade has seen tremendous applications of lawsone as a starting component for the preparation of various organic scaffolds. Many of these synthesized scaffolds showed a wide range of biological activities including potential activities towards several cancer cell lines. This review deals with diverse synthetic methods of lawsone derived scaffolds and their screening against different anti-cancer cell lines along with promising results.

Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Botanicals on Alternaria Blight (Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc) of Mustard (Brassica juncea (Linn) Czern and Coss

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.coss) is also known as sarson, rai or raya, toria or Lahi.it is a herbaceous annual plant. Mustard is the second important oilseed crop in the world after sunflower, soybean and palm oil. Alternaria blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. It has been reported from all the continents of the world. Average yield losses occur due to various pest and diseases among which Alternaria blight is an important disease. Field experiment was conducted at the research plot of the Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the rabi season of 2020-2021 to test, Effect of selected essential oils and botanicals against Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc) of mustard (Brassica juncea (Linn.) Czern and Coss), by foliar spray of certain essential oil, plant extracts and fungicide. The treatments were Neem oil @2%, Eucalyptus oil @2%, Pongamia oil @2%, Lawsonia inermis extract @15%, Chenopodium album extract @15% Mancozeb (treated check) @ 0.2% and control (untreated check). The percent disease intensity on leaves at 45, 60 and 75 DAS, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, length of siliquae (cm), test weight of seed (1000 number), biological yield (gm) and seed yield were recorded. Among the treatments, maximum number of number of siliquaes (243.13), maximum number of seeds per siliquae (12.27), length of siliquae (5.16 cm), minimum disease intensity (%) (29.01 %), maximum test weight (3.57 gm), maximum yield (9.43 qt) and biological yield (24.70 gm) were recorded in the treatment T2 Eucalyptus oil @2% followed by T1 Neem oil @2%, T4 Lawsonia inermis extract @15%, T3 Pongamia oil @2%, T5 Chenopodium extract @15%, when compared to treated check T6 Mancozeb @ 0.2% and untreated check T0. Higher gross return value (Rs. 66295), net return value (Rs. 29295), and B: C ratio (1.7:1) was found in the treatment T2 – Eucalyptus oil @2% as compared to T5–mancozeb and T0–control.

POTENTIAL ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES OF FRACTIONS FROM PURIFIED EXTRACT OF LAWSONIA INERMIS LEAVES IN ALLOXAN–INDUCED DIABETIC MICE

Objective: This research was conducted to determine the potential antidiabetic activity fractions of purified extract Lawsonia inermis leaves in mice (Mus musculus) and identification of the compound. Methods: The method included maceration, purification using ethanol and distilled water was followed by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate and magnesium sulfate as drying agents. Furthermore, the extract was analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) for testing the purified extract. Fractionation using vacuum liquid chromatography, antidiabetic activity test of fractions at dose 100 mg/kgBW with alloxan induced and compound identification by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using HPLC connected to a Q-TOF spectrometer equipped with an ESI source, with Phenomenon column C8, and methanol with 0.3% formic acid as solvent. Results: The results showed that from the purification step of L. inermis leaves by vacuum liquid chromatography method, 7 fractions were obtained, i.e. A-G fractions. While the antidiabetic activity of fractions shown by decreasing blood sugar level in mice on the 15th day were 64, 75, 73, 73, 57, 45 and 67%, respectively. The identified compounds from each fraction were the ester groups namely 12-hydroxy-methyl abietate, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl ester, dehydromorroniaglycone, and (E)-hexadecyl-ferulate; the steroid group namely siraitic acid E; phenylpropanoid groups namely umbelliferone and bletilol C, and the alkaloid groups namely moupinamide and valine. Conclusion: L. inermis leaves had activity in lowering blood sugar levels. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of ester groups, steroid groups, phenylpropanoid groups and alkaloid groups. The presence of these compounds mostly contribute to antidiabetic activity.

POTENTIAL OF HERBAL MEDICINE IN ASIA FOR ORAL CANDIDIASIS THERAPY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The objective of this review was to provide antifungal recommendations for Oral Candidiasis (OC) derived from herbal medicine based on the research results of the last 5 y. This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the PubMed and Science Direct databases with studies published between 2016 and 2021. The review was conducted on 13 studies, in vitro and clinical trial. A total of 41 species of plants have studied its antifungal effects on Candida albicans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) varied in the range of 0.098 µl/ml to 125 µl/ml for different types of plants and Candida samples, while the mean inhibition zone (ZOI) was 11 mm. The most recommended herbal medicine for the development of antifungal drugs for oral candidiasis therapy were Nigella sativa, Lawsonia inermis, and Zingiber officinale.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of ZnO: Ag2O Nanocomposite for Antifungal Efficacy

In this study, biosynthesis zinc and silver oxide nanocomposite (Bs-ZANc) were prepared using an eco-friendly biological synthesis method using silver nitrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and Lawsonia inermis (Henna) plant extract with four different concentrations; (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) molar. The detailed characterization of Bs-ZANc was performed using Grazing X-ray diffraction technique (G-XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), Zeta Potential (Z.P.), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In addition to studying the spectroscopic properties using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result showed good inhibitory efficiency of Bs-ZANc against some types of fungal such as; Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Candida Albicans. Further, a comparison was made between Bs-ZANc and Lawsonia inermis (Henna) plant extract only regarding antfungal efficacy.