Management of Nitrogen Flow in Livestock Waste System Towards an Efficient Circular Economy in Agriculture.

The race is on to achieve high level of efficiency in the attainment of circular economy in Agriculture especially with the aim of sustainable nitrogen management. This cycle in the agricultural sector cuts across livestock farming, agriculture induced waste generation, recycling and utilization, energy generation, crop production, ecosystem protection and environmental management through the mitigation of climate changes. In this work, we access the process and functionalities of livestock waste generated from the piggery farm and the combinations with other by-products such as biochar and ash in comparison with mineral fertilisation (MN) as sources of nitrogen (N) applied in agricultural soil. The experiment was performed in a controlled environment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a neutral and an acidic soil. Pig manure was used as the primary feedstock, fed, and processed to biogas and nutrient rich digestate by anaerobic digestion process. The digestate generated were amended with biochar and ash. In the course of the cultivation period, pig manure digestate with other co-amendments showed a positive influence on mobile potassium and phosphorus contents, biomass yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the form of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide released in both soil types from the amendments were significantly lower when compared to mineral nitrogen treatment. The amendments did not have any significant influence on dehydrogenase activity, especially in the acid soil with the pH negatively influencing the enzymatic activities. The pig manure and pig manure digestate treatments showed positive response in the soil microbial biomass-C in the two soil types when compared to other co-amendments. Application of single use amendment application or in combination with biochar and ash as a means of waste management can enhance the N flow to meet up with crop needs, reduce GHG emissions and reduce potential agriculture’s negative environmental footprint.

Resource Utilization of Biogas Waste as Fertilizer in China Needs More Inspections Due to the Risk of Heavy Metals

The utilization of livestock waste has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The presence of high levels of heavy metals is a major obstacle to the utilization of biogas as a fertilizer resource. In this study, the heavy metal contents in biogas residue, slurry, and discharged sewage from three representative farms of gooseries, henneries, and dairy farms in the Yangtze River Basin were investigated and assessed. The results demonstrated that heavy metals, including Cd, Mn, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, etc., could be detected in all biogas residues, with significantly different contents between farm types (p < 0.005). Specifically, biogas residues from the goosery and the dairy farms met “China’s Organic Fertilizer Standards” (COF Standards); however, Cd concentrations in biogas residues from hennery farms exceeded the limits by five times. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in biogas slurries from all of the farms exceeded the limits of the “China Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standard” (CFIWQ Standard). In particular, the Pb concentrations in biogas slurry from the dairy farms exceeded the limits by 29 times, and the discharged sewage from all three farm types complied with the comprehensive sewage discharge standards in China; however, only that from the goosery farms was suitable for irrigation. Thus, it is recommended to increase the feed selection, biogas engineering, and biological-purification-supporting technology, and to carry out regular sampling inspections of the biogas residue, slurry, and discharged sewage for heavy metals, so that environmental and crop pollution risks can be reduced when they are used as sources of nutrients for eco-friendly agriculture.

Challenges and performance evaluation of livestock waste energy content

The global increase of the population has generated more and more requirement of the animal-based food. In order to provide this requirement, it was necessary to increase considerably the actual numbers of animals. This has led to both numerous positive and negative effects brought both to people and animals. Creating agro-touristic farms, ensuring fresh food, creating workplaces are just a part of the factors which have beneficial effects on the human beings. Yet, a major problem, which should not be ignored and neglected, is represented by the wastes resulted from animal breeding. These superficially treated wastes can cause numerous negative effects on the whole ecosystem. The animal dejections, the water resulted from the meat processing, the animal corpses, and all represent biodegradable wastes, which might be used, by transforming their energy content into electrical and thermal energy. This can be possible, for example, by using these wastes as raw material for producing biogas. To prove their efficiency in producing the biogases there have been done thermal analysis. In this article are analysed, from a thermal point of view, 3 different samples. In the first part of the experiment were analysed the swine dejections, in the second part were analysed the poultry dejections, and the third experiment consisted in the analysis of the cow stable waste. The analysis of these samples was done with the help of the Netzsch 449 C Jupiter device. The results obtained from the analysis prove the fact that all the three raw materials can be used as raw materials in producing the biogas.

Processes and technologies of cold gas dynamic spraying of products agricultural equipment

Modern equipment of processing industry, animal husbandry, bioenergy complexes is used for processing, storage or transportation of aggressive substances. Functional coatings made of inert materials do not enter into any chemical reactions with food, processed products, livestock waste, acids and other aggressive media. There is a question of protection of the equipment of the processing industry, animal husbandry, bioenergy complexes from aggressive environments by application of processes of a cold gas-dynamic spraying. This is an urgent problem for the development of protective technologies and appropriate equipment for the implementation of the process of creating functional coatings

Economic efficiency of livestock organic waste processing into biонumus

The processing of organic livestock waste into biohumus is one of the direction areas in agribusiness, which contributes to the efficient resource allocation involved while achieving a high level of greening of production. The article presents the results of the study of economic efficiency of extensive form of vermiculture, which is characterized by minimal start-up investment, ease of organization and accessibility for the vast majority of livestock producers, including small farms, as it does not involve additional premises. Compared to intensive technology, which requires indoor heated premises to organize the production of biohumus throughout the year. The need for fixed and working capital for the organization of organic livestock waste processing into compost has been determined. Planning and analysis of costs for the organization of production and sale of vermiculture products. The main technical parameters of the organization of the production process are determined, which will ensure high efficiency of this type of business. Based on the definition of the main indicators of economic efficiency, the expediency of introducing an extensive form of organic livestock waste processing into biohumus is substantiated. According to the research results, it is established that the organization of extensive technology of processing organic livestock waste on compost is more appropriate for small farms in the livestock industry with a limited investment budget. As about 6 million UAH is needed to organize the processing of 2.400 tons of livestock waste. (in 2021 prices) of advanced capital, which is 30–40 % less compared to intensive technology of similar scale. The projected payback period of extensive vermiculture technology will be three years when it reaches 25 % of the level of profitability of sales. Also, the organization of extensive technology for processing animal waste into biohumus requires less time compared to intensive.

UPAYA PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TERNAK BAGI PERTANIAN MENUJU DESA MANDIRI

ABSTRAK Desa yang mampu secara ekonomi mampu menghidupi wilayahnya merupakan harapan amanat UU Desa nomor 6 tahun 2014 yang dikenal Desa Mandiri. Pemanfaatan potensi desa di Desa Ngrawan sejak tahun 2012 sebagai desa Menari karena mengangkat tema budaya lokal. Masih banyaknya potensi yang belum digarap secara optimal terutama bidang pertanian dan peternakan yang menjadi sumber utama penghasilan masyarakat Desa. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan limbah ternak untuk pertanian sehingga mengurangi biaya pembelian pupuk. Mitra adalah tokoh masyarakat dan karang taruna sebanyak 7 orang. Metode yang dilakukan melalui sosialisasi, pelatihan dan pendampingan. Hasil dari program ini pupuk organik yang dapat dikembangkan oleh peternak sapi di desa dan dapat menjadi Desa eduwisata di Ngrawan dimana masyarakatnya semakin kreatif dalam pengelolaan potensi bidang pertanian dan peternakan untuk memelihara dan menjaga ketahanan pangan. Kata kunci: potensi;lokal;peternakan, pertanian ABSTRACTVillages that are economically capable of supporting their territory are the hope of the mandate of the Village Law number 6 of 2014 which is known as Independent Village. Utilization of village potential in Ngrawan Village since 2012 as a menari village because it raises the theme of local culture. There is still a lot of potential that has not been exploited optimally, especially in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry which are the main sources of income for the village community. The purpose of this service activity is to empower the community in utilizing livestock waste for agriculture so as to reduce the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Partners are community leaders and youth organizations as many as 7 people. The method used is through socialization, training and mentoring. The results of this program are organic fertilizers that can be developed by cattle breeders in the village and can become an edutourism village in Ngrawan where the community is increasingly creative in managing the potential of agriculture and animal husbandry to maintain and maintain food security. Keywords: potential; local; livestock, agriculture

Application of Freeze Concentration Technologies to Valorize Nutrient-Rich Effluents Generated from the Anaerobic Digestion of Agro-Industrial Wastes

The production of biogas through anaerobic digestion implies the generation of 90–95% of digested raw material, namely digestate. A nutrient-rich stream is generally applied to cropland to enhance yields, due to its high abundance of nutrients. Nevertheless, the intensive digestate farming brings about nutrient saturation and groundwater contamination. The application of downstream emerging technologies that focus on the recovery of nutrients from digestate have been studied, yet freeze concentration technology (FC) has never been considered for this purpose. This study evaluates the performance of FC technology applied to concentrate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from an effluent of a reverse osmosis unit that is treating the digestate of agro-industrial waste effluents. For this aim, two lab-scale methodological approaches were investigated, namely, progressive FC (PFC) and suspension FC (SFC), set through the utilization of different FC configurations. The concentrates obtained in both FC methods agreed with the regulations for fertilizers in terms of nutrients and metals content; meanwhile, the diluted fraction can be delivered as water for irrigation in high-density livestock areas. The application of FC solves the transportation cost side effect of livestock waste on the one hand, and soil contamination with nutrient on the other hand.

Beneficial effect of Achromobacter insolitus MB20 and manures in reducing Pythium aphanidermatum disease in cucumber

The increased global livestock production, such as chickens, cows, goats, and rabbits causes increased animal waste in both liquid and solid forms. The utilization of animal manures are considered as a beneficial way to minimize the livestock waste problems. Application of manure is advantageous to the soil nutrient balance, soil structure and moisture-holding capacity, and facilitates environmental protection. A combination of biocontrol agent of Achromobacter insolitus MB20 and manures was studied as alternative to chemical fungicides to protect crop from diseases without damaging the environment and human health. The chemical fungicides cannot be used continously and do not represent a sustainable method control. Result showed that an application of A. insolitus alone reduced cucumber damping-off as high as 60%, and in combination of A. insolitus with chicken manure was 80%, goat manure 70%, cow manure and rabbit urine 65%. The in vitro test indicated that A. insolitus inhibited P. aphanidermatum growth by 28%. This antagonist bacterium also produced extracellular enzyme of protease and cellulase with proteolytic index (PI) value was 1.4 and cellulolytic index (CI) value was 1.7. An application of A. insolitus with chicken manure resulted the best combination and the most effective in reducing of cucumber damping-off.

Identification of Groundwater Contamination in a Rapidly Urbanized Area on a Regional Scale: A New Approach of Multi-Hydrochemical Evidences

Efficient identification of groundwater contamination is a major issue in the context of groundwater use and protection. This study used a new approach of multi-hydrochemical indicators, including the Cl-Br mass ratio, the hydrochemical facies, and the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, organic contaminants, and Pb in groundwater to identify groundwater contamination in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) where there is large scale urbanization. In addition, the main factors resulting in groundwater contamination in the PRD were also discussed by using socioeconomic data and principal component analysis. Approximately 60% of groundwater sites in the PRD were identified to be contaminated according to the above six indicators. Contaminated groundwaters commonly occur in porous and fissured aquifers but rarely in karst aquifers. Groundwater contamination in porous aquifers is positively correlated with the urbanization level. Similarly, in fissured aquifers, the proportions of contaminated groundwater in urbanized and peri-urban areas were approximately two times that in non-urbanized areas. Groundwater contamination in the PRD was mainly attributed to the infiltration of wastewater from township-village enterprises on a regional scale. In addition, livestock waste was also an important source of groundwater contamination in the PRD. Therefore, in the future, the supervision of the wastewater discharge of township-village enterprises and the waste discharge of livestock should be strengthened to protect against groundwater contamination in the PRD.

Solid Peroxy Compounds as Additives to Organic Waste for Reclamation of Post-Industrial Contaminated Soils

Solid peroxy compounds have been increasingly applied for the removal of organic pollution from contaminated groundwater and soil due to their ability to release oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The influence of two solid peroxy compounds (sodium percarbonate, 2Na2CO3·3H2O2 and calcium peroxide, CaO2) with poultry manure (PM) added to contaminated soil on the growth of the tested plants (Sinapis alba, Lepidium sativum L. and Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and the quality of soil water leachates was investigated. A series of experiments involving the addition of CaO2 and 2Na2CO3·3H2O2 at the dose of 0.075 g/g PM improved the growth of tested plants. The conducted study indicated that the use of peroxy compounds not only removed pathogens from livestock waste, but also improved the quality of plant growth. The calculated factors for the growth of roots (GFR) and growth of shoots (GFS) in soils treated with a mixture of peroxy compounds and PM were higher than in soils treated only with PM. The physicochemical analysis of soil water leachates indicated that solid peroxy compounds may be a promising alternative compared to the currently used hygienizing agent such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Solid peroxy compounds increased the bioavailability of components necessary for proper seed germination and plant growth (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S). In most of the studied cases, the obtained plant shoot and root growth rates were higher for soil mixtures containing organic waste deactivated by biocidal compounds, compared to soils that contained only poultry manure.