Pengaruh Kebijakan, Regulasi, dan Anggaran Terhadap Perkembangan Kapasitas PLTS di Australia

Australia merupakan salah satu negara dengan kapasitas PLTS tertinggi di dunia. Kapasitas PLTS terpasang di Australia telah mencapai 16.319 MW dan 600 W per kapita pada akhir tahun 2019, menjadikan Australia sebagai negara dengan kapasitas per kapita tertinggi di dunia. Pemerintah Australia telah menetapkan kebijakan, regulasi, dan anggaran sebagai komitmen untuk mendukung pencapaian kapasitas PLTS. Makalah ini meninjau dan menganalisis kebijakan, peraturan, dan anggaran di Australia dari tingkat federal hingga negara bagian di sisi pengembangan PLTS. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan dan regulasi yang didukung oleh kesesuaian anggaran pemerintah berdampak pada peningkatan kapasitas solar PV untuk melaksanakan dan merealisasikan target energi terbarukan di Australia. Beberapa kebijakan seperti Feed-in Tariff, RET, NSSP, dan anggaran yang fokus pada litbang berdampak signifikan terhadap peningkatan kapasitas PLTS terpasang. Dengan demikian, target realistis yang dilakukan secara bertahap, kebijakan terstruktur dan dukungan regulasi, kepatuhan anggaran, dan edukasi berkelanjutan kepada publik merupakan aspek penting yang dapat diadopsi di Indonesia untuk mempercepat realisasi target kapasitas PLTS nasional.

Economic Feasibility of Agricultural Biogas Production by Farms in Ukraine

Renewable energy generation in Ukraine is developing slower than state strategies and expectations, with the installations for energy generation based on biogas currently being among the lowest in terms of installed capacity. Most of those involved in energy generation from agricultural biogas are large enterprises, while the small and medium-sized farms are far less involved. Thus the article aims to assess the economic feasibility of biogas production from agricultural waste by specific farm types and sizes, with a special focus on small and medium-sized farms. The research results present findings in two dimensions, first defining the economic feasibility of biogas installations in Ukraine based on investment costs and the rate of return at both the current and potential feed-in tariff, and second, analyzing the influence of state regulation and support on the economic feasibility of agricultural biogas production in Ukraine. The results emphasize that the construction of small generation capacities does not provide sufficient funds under the current feed-in tariff to meet the simple return period expected by the domestic financing institutions. Except for the general support programs for agricultural activities, there are no support funds specifically for biogas producers, while there is tight competition with wind and solar energy due to diversified feed-in tariffs.

The Design of the Swiss Feed-In Tariff

In light of climate change mitigation and the transformation of the energy sector, many jurisdictions have adopted deployment policies for renewable energy (RE) technologies. Several RE deployment policy instruments have diffused from frontrunner countries to other jurisdictions. Switzerland implemented its first comprehensive RE support policy with the adoption of a cost-covering and technology-specific feed-in tariff in 2009, following Germany’s example. Yet, policy designs look very different in the two countries and, importantly, also result in different policy outcomes. In this chapter, we examine the reasons for these policy design differences. We unpack the design of the Swiss feed-in tariff and analyze which of the policy’s elements were directly adopted from Germany and which were accommodated to the Swiss context and why. In particular, we compare the specific instrument designs for two renewable power generation technologies, solar photovoltaics (PV) and biomass, and study the role of technology-related actors in shaping these policy designs. We draw from the policy diffusion and policy transfer literatures and offer important extensions to the literature by showing that, instead of entire policies, it is possible that only certain design elements of a policy diffuse from one jurisdiction to another. Additionally, we find that the composition of the existing technology-related actor bases in the donor and recipient countries is important in determining whether the accommodation of the design elements to the domestic context occurs.

Effect of Feed-In Tariff with Deregulation on Directed Technical Change in the Energy Sector

In this study, we examine how a feed-in tariff (FIT) accompanied with deregulation in the energy sector affects the direction of technical change along the balanced growth path. A final good is composed of resource-saving (such as renewable) energy and traditional resource-intensive energy. The government introduces a FIT scheme for promoting resource-saving energy, while it deregulates the traditional energy sector for efficiency improvement. The implementation of the scheme positively affects directed technical change toward the resource-saving energy technology and economic growth. Meanwhile, the biased technical change leads to an upsurge in the surcharge. Associated deregulation not only accelerates the biased technical change but also drives the surge in the surcharge rate, unless the initial market structure of the traditional energy sector is highly concentrated.

Wind Energy Versus Natural Gas in Latvia: Policy Evaluation With a System Dynamic Simulation

To achieve national target proposed by the Renewable Energy Source Directive 2009/28/EC, to also accomplish to the CO2 emission reduction targets and to decrease the energy dependency Latvian government is planning to adopt different strategy policies such as feed-in tariffs (FITs) and capital subsidies, in order to incentive investor to use renewable based technology for power production Neverthelss it is crucial to understand in long term perspective the effect and the costs of a specific policy (made even by the combination of different policy tools) applied to the energy sector. Using this model, or an extended version of it, a cost/benefit analysis of a different set of policy scenarios can be carried out. More in specific this study is driving its attention at a situation where it is possible to increase the share of wind power in the energy balance respect the use of natural gas as primary energy for power generation. Four political instruments are chosen in this model: subsidies for construction of new wind-power facilities, information package at all power supply levels for risk reduction and reduction of maintenance costs through a learning effect. The simulation period is from 2010 to 2110. The analysis of policy instruments for development of renewable energy resources in power system illustrates wide potential of system dynamic modelling use for statement of priorities on power diversification. The policy instrument of use of subsidies is a crucial priority. Feed-in tariff is not providing an evident. The reason of that can be related to the key aspect on the way Latvia is organizing its feed-in tariff policy.

Measures to Promote Olive Grove Biomass in Spain and Andalusia: An Opportunity for Economic Recovery against COVID-19

Olive grove biomass presents an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gases and meet the sustainability objectives set by Europe. Given the relevance of this organic matter, this paper analyzes the evolution and current situation of the regulations that regulate olive grove biomass as a source of energy in Europe, in Spain and in Andalusia. Likewise, its effect on the evolution of the use of biomass in the Andalusian region, especially the olive grove, is analyzed. The analysis is novel, since there are no previous studies that reveal this type of information for the olive grove biomass sector. The results show that, as of 2005, the development of biomass for thermal and electrical uses is favorable, reaching the objectives set by the PASENER 2007–2013. However, this situation is reversed as of 2012, with the abolition of the feed-in tariff system for renewables. Besides this, the olive grove biomass sector faces other obstacles such as the cost of residue collection and the few incentives for this sector. The reorientation of the measures, in order to enhance this energy source, would generate a positive effect for the economy of the region that has been affected by COVID-19.