Laboratory diagnosis of the Tropicamide non-drug consumption

Introduction. Lately, medical services have reported a lot of cases caused by taking Tropicamide alone or with other drugs together. Moreover, it has been declared that the increase in the number of resistance cases to Tropicamide consumption has. Due to those facts, Tropicamide was included in the List of Drugs for Medical Use that should be served by the prescriptions in 2015. However, nowadays in Russia there are many combinations of medicines, for instance, Tropicamide and α-adrenergic agonist (phenylephrine) (Midrimax, Fenikamid, Appamide plus) that are not under that regulation. As a result, those medicines are served in pharmacies without any prescriptions. Thus, method developing for Tropicamide determination in the hair samples to establish his consumption period has become a perspective one.Aim. The research aimed to develop a method for the isolation and determination of Tropicamide in the hair samples.Materials and method. Reference standard of Tropicamide was used in this research. The following enzymes – papain, chymopsin, chymotrypsin, and hyaluronidase – were applied in the experiment. To design the long-term consumption of Tropicamide, laboratory animals (Guinea pigs, average masses about 200 – 250 g) with fair and brown nature colour hair were used in this research. The hair of laboratory animals was dyed by professional hair-dye "Estel Professional De Luxe". The following equipment was applied: balance "Sartorius СР224S", pH-meter " FiveEasy ", ball mill Retsch MM-200. The hair samples extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (Gas chromatograph model 7890А with mass selective detector model 5977 and MassHunter GC/MS software by Agilent Technologies).Results and discussion. All developed methods of enzymatic hydrolysis (by papain, chymopsin, chymotrypsin, and hyaluronidase) revealed comparable results for the Tropicamide determination in the hair samples. The research showed that the amount of the analyte isolated from the pigmented hair was a bit higher in comparison with the other hair samples (fair hair), despite the melanin gives chemical steadiness property to hair stuff. Moreover, the amount of Tropicamide extracted from the dyed hair samples increased by 30 %. The degradation products of the analyte of interest were not found in the extracts obtained for the dyed hair samples. Thus, the colorant does not destroy the xenobiotic during the hair dying procedure and does not impact the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The values of the validation parameters (precision and accuracy) met the required criteria for bioanalytical methods. Therefore, the enzymatic hydrolysis method can be recommended for application in laboratory practice.Conclusion. In the course of the study, a method for laboratory diagnostics of non-drug use of tropicamide was developed, the reproducibility of which meets the acceptance criteria for bioanalytical methods, which makes it possible to recommend it for work in laboratory practice.

Heavy Metals and Para-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dye

Background: The use of cosmetics is widespread around the world, particularly in Arabian countries. Some cosmetics as hair dyes are used since very young ages. Hair dye has been one of the pollution resources of heavy metals. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the percentage of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and heavy metals in various hair dyes sold in Aswan, Egypt. Methods: The study was done on four (n = 4) types of hair dyes commonly used in Aswan. Two analytical methods were used as (GC/MS and EDX). PPD was detected using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the metal components of these dyes were determined using energy dispersive x-ray (E.D.X.). Results: The concentration of PPD was very high in SHD (99.706%) and tancho HD (99.80%) followed by bigen cream HD (5.563%) and finally bigen powder HD (0.492% ). The heavy metals content was arranged in decreasing order as follow: Al > Ca > Zn > Cu > Cl > Pb> Fe > Sc> Cr > Mn in SHD, Si > Mg> Cu > Zn > Cl > Ca in tancho HD, Pb> Cu > Zn >Si >K > Al > Ca > Cr in bigen powder HD and Al > Cu > Cl > Si > Zn > Ca > Pb> Cr in bigen cream HD. Conclusion: Poisoning with (PPD)-containing hair dye is emerging as a method of deliberate self-harm in various developing countries including the Middle-East, and it is accompanied with high human death rate specially among females. They were also polluted with heavy metals, therefore doctors and consumers should be aware of their potential toxicity as well as the symptoms of systemic poisoning. Even if it isn't stated on the label, many hair dyes contain PPD and heavy metals.

Association between Maternal Exposure to Chemicals during Pregnancy and the Risk of Foetal Death: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Scarce knowledge is available on the relationship between maternal chemical exposure during pregnancy and foetal deaths. We studied the association of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths with occupational or daily maternal exposure to chemicals commonly used by pregnant women. Data from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), a nationwide prospective birth cohort study, were used. The participants of the study were asked about the frequency of their use of gasoline, pesticides, hair dye, and chlorine bleach during the first and the second to third trimesters of pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between the frequency of the use of chemicals and foetal death. Of the 104,065 foetuses, 923 (0.91%) were spontaneous abortions and 379 (0.37%) were stillbirths. Any type of exposure during the first trimester was not significantly associated with spontaneous abortions. Nevertheless, a more than weekly occupational use of hair dye from the first to the second/third trimester was significantly associated with stillbirth. The results of this study suggest that the frequent use of hair dye during pregnancy can have severe adverse effects on the foetus. These findings can help pregnant women, especially hairdressers, refrain from the continuous use of hair dyes.

Knowledge, practice and adverse reactions amongst Hair dye users - A cross sectional study

Introduction: Colour of hair is most conspicuous phenotype of human beings and plays an important role in one's overall physical beauty. Premature hair greying (PHG) has caused the increased use of various hair dyes in population though it has adverse effects. Aim- To assess knowledge, practice of hair dye users with purpose, frequency of use and adverse reactions if any on hair, scalp, skin. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants from PCMC region by interview method using a questionnaire (20 questions) specially prepared pertaining to use of hair dye and adverse reactions to it. Statistical Analysis-The demographic data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, quantitative data expressed as percentages. Results: A total 98subjects including 75.5% and 24.5% females and males respectively. The participants started using hair dye at an age of 25 (±3.03) years. Herbal and Synthetic dyes were used by 36.74% and 63.27% respectively. Frequency of use in a year was 4-5 times in 58.16%. Adverse reactions of dye on body of hair like dryness46.94%, loss of hair 30.62%, change in texture and thinning were reported. 29.59% of subjects showed ill effects during dyeing of scalp while in 68.36% of subjects after the dyeing process was complete. Conclusion: Majority Population started hair dyeing at very early age using Chemical dyes even though they perceived herbal dyes were safe. They continued hair colouring despite adverse reactions, which indicates aesthetic importance of hair colour and need of research in the field of Ayurveda for developing safe, natural hair dye.

Amended Safety Assessment of Acid Violet 43 as Used in Cosmetics

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reopened the safety assessment of Acid Violet 43, a cosmetic ingredient that is an anthraquinone dye reported to function in cosmetics as a colorant. This colorant has the same chemical structure as Ext. D&C Violet No. 2, which is a certified colorant; however, Acid Violet 43 is not a certified color and it could have impurities that are not allowed in the certified color. The Panel reviewed relevant new data related to this ingredient and concluded that Acid Violet 43 is safe in the present practices of use and concentration for use in hair dye formulations. This conclusion supersedes the previous conclusion for Acid Violet 43 that included impurity specifications indicated for the certified color.

Weakening of the Transdermal Effect of p-Phenylenediamine Pigments by the Temperature-Sensitive Poloxamer Sodium Alginate Gel

A temperature-sensitive hair dye was prepared with a poloxamer-sodium alginate mixture. When the hair dye was applied to the hair (< 32 °C), it retained its flow dynamics. The hair dye was able to undergo a phase change and formed a solid as soon as it touched the scalp (32°C), which reduced the transdermal amount of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and also adverse effects and toxicity. Compared to a conventional hair dye, the temperature-sensitive hair dye achieved a reduction of the transdermal amount of p-phenylenediamine by almost 65% at different concentrations. At the same time, the colouring effect was not significantly reduced. The poloxamer alginate hydrogel can be used as a novel colouring material to reduce the harm of the dye intermediate to the human body when colouring hair.

A Study on the Hair Improvement Effect of Dongbaek Oil on Dye Hair

This study used camellia oil, a natural ingredient, to study whether camellia oil has the effect of improving the hair quality damaged by dyeing. first, In order to find out the change in chromaticity of dyed hair due to the content of camellia oil, L*, a*, and b* value measurement were performed. As a result, Through the L* value of the dyed hair according to the camellia oil content, it was found that the dyed hair containing 2 g of camellia oil had a subtle effect of color clarity and dyeability. There was also less fading. In order to determine the degree of damage to the hair, the absorbance measurement using methylene blue showed a decrease in the average in hairs dyed with 2 g of camellia oil, indicating that there was a hair improvement effect in hairs dyed with camellia oil. As a result of studying whether the hair dye containing camellia oil has the effect of improving hair quality, the absorption strength decreased and the tensile strength increased. In addition, absorbance measurement, gloss measurement, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) experiments were conducted. As a result, It was confirmed that there is an effect of improving hair quality in terms of the constant arrangement of cuticles on the hair surface and increasing the gloss of the hair. It was found that camellia oil, a natural ingredient, has a high effect on improving hair quality of dyed hair in order to minimize damage to dyed hair.