Effects of Resilience on Impulsivity, Cognition and Depression during Protracted Withdrawal among Chinese Male Methamphetamine Users

Background Methamphetamine (METH) dependence is a complex and dynamic public health problem. Long-term abuse of METH can increase numerous risks of mental and physical problems. Currently, the methods to reduce METH dependence and improve the withdrawal symptoms are limited and ineffective. Resilience is regarded as an individuals’ protective moderator against stress and may play a role in the stress-related mental diseases. Methods One hundred and twelve males with METH dependence were consecutively recruited from Huanglong Compulsory Isolated Detoxification Center between 2019 and 2021. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Self-rating depression scale (SDS), Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11(BIS-11), and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (Rbans) were used to evaluate resilience, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and cognition respectively. Results The results showed that high and medium resilience groups showed lower SDS scores than the low resilience group (p<0.05), with high resilience groups showing lower scores using SAS (p<0.05). The high resilience group demonstrated lower cognitive impulsiveness, non-planning impulsiveness, and BIS-11 scores than the low resilience group (all p <0.05). Additionally, compared with the low resilience group, attention was better in the medium resilience group, while delayed memory was better in the high resilience group (both p<0.05). The total scores of Rbans were also higher in the medium and high resilience groups than low resilience group (both p<0.05). Conclusions This study confirmed a correlation between resilience and impulsivity, cognitive function, and depression. It may suggest a potential role of resilience for individuals during protracted METH withdrawal.

Prevalence and associated factors of minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery in Chinese college students

Background Minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery (MIFCS) is becoming more and more popular and acceptable in Chinese young people, and it influences people in many aspects. However, there is little research on the associations between MIFCS and psychopathology in Chinese college students. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of MIFCS and its associated factors among Chinese college students. Methods A cross-sectional design was applied in this study. A total of 8089 students completed an online questionnaire on demographic data, depressive symptoms (Self-Rating Depression Scale), anxiety symptoms (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale) and MIFCS. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with MIFCS. Results The prevalence of MIFCS in Chinese college students was 2.7% (221/8098). Students with MIFCS were more likely to be from urban areas, from a single child household, experience depression or anxiety and have a history of smoking (all p < 0.05). They were also less likely to be right-handed or have a good relationship with father or mother (all p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that older age (OR,1.162; 95%CI [1.061,1.273]), female sex (OR,1.837; 95%CI [1.352, 2.497]), community (urban) (OR,0.601; 95%CI [0.441,0.818]), right-handedness (OR,0.668; 95%CI [0.454,0.985]), depressive symptoms (OR, 4.708; 95%CI [1.690,13.112]), family income (30,000–70,000 yuan per year) (OR,0.572; 95%CI [0.403,0.812]) and smoking (OR,1.571; 95%CI [1.09,2.423]) were independently associated with MIFCS. Conclusions Minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery (MIFCS) is very common in Chinese college students, indicating the importance of paying attention to MIFCS. This study provides valuable evidence for college counselors and doctors in the cosmetic department to provide better and healthier services to students who undergo MIFCS, especially those with depressive symptoms.

The Effect of Electroacupuncture Treatment with Different Intensities for Functional Diarrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background. Electroacupuncture (EA) may have a role in the treatment of diarrhea symptoms. However, the efficacy and safety of EA with different current intensities in improving gastrointestinal function, psychology, and quality of life (QOL) of functional diarrhea (FD) remain unknown. Objective. To investigate the efficacy and safety of EA with different current intensities in improving gastrointestinal function, psychology, and QOL for FD patients. Methods. 73 FD patients were randomly divided into three groups: low current intensity group (LI) of EA, high current intensity group (HI) of EA, and loperamide control group (LC). Four weeks of treatment were provided in the three groups. The primary outcome was the proportion of normal defecation. Additional outcomes included the change from baseline for the weekly spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) and the change from baseline for the mean Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). QOL was assessed by the 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess the psychology state. Results. Low current intensity of EA significantly improved the proportion of normal defecation during treatment and follow-up period ( P < 0.01 ). EA significantly improves the mean BSFS scores and weekly SBMs, and this efficacy is equivalent to loperamide ( P < 0.05 ). The SF-36 scores of general health in LI and HI groups and vitality and mental health in LI group were significantly increased compared to baseline ( P < 0.05 ). Low current intensity of EA can significantly improve SAS and SDS scores ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions. EA significantly improved stool consistency and weekly SBMs in FD patients. Compared with loperamide, low current intensity of EA may have a better sustainable effect in restoring normal defecation in patients with FD, and it can also effectively improve QOL, anxiety, and depression. However, larger sample sizes are needed to determine safety and efficacy. Trial registration number: NCT01274793.

Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors of PTSS Between Chinese Patients With Depression and Non-depressed Controls During COVID-19 Outbreak

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic event all over the world, and may lead to post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSS) in different population who are under the threat of novel corona virus. Therefore, the aim of our study was to compare the prevalence and risk factors of PTSS between Chinese patients with depression and non-depressed controls during the COVID-19 outbreak.Methods: 437 depressed patients and 2,940 non-depressed controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study between February 14 and May 9, 2020.The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to evaluate the psychological status of all the participants.Results: The prevalence of PTSS (IES-R ≥ 33) in depressed patients (45.08%) was higher than that in non-depressed controls (5.31%). Patients with depression were 16 times more likely to suffer from PTSS than those without depression. Correlation analyses showed that the IES-R total score was positively correlated with SDS, SAS, and PSQI scores in both depressed and non-depressed groups (Bonferroni corrected all p &lt; 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that SAS score, and PSQI score were independently associated with IES-R total score in both depression and non-depression groups. In depressed patients, education level and duration of media exposure to COVID-19 were positively associated with PTSS, while in the non-depressed group, subjects who were married, in the 31–50 year group or with higher SDS score were more likely to develop PTSS.Conclusions: These results indicate that the prevalence rate of PTSS in patients with depression is very higher than that in subjects without depression. PTSS are associated with a number of socio-demographic and clinical variables.

Quantitating Psychological Status-Quo among Students in Bangladesh using Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Analysis: Architecting a Blueprint to Predict Behavior in Lockdowns

The study objective is to create a baseline of the anxiety level among students in Bangladesh during country-wide lockdown phase. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted using snowballing technique. The integral instrument in this study is the Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) self-rating anxiety questionnaire. Data was cleaned and statistical analysis was conducted using Excel. 822 respondents were obtained. 3.17%, 71.41%, and 25.42% experienced minimal, Mild to severe, and extreme levels of anxiety, respectively. The male gender experienced 4.24%, 65.17%, and 30.59% of normal, mild to severe, and extreme anxiety levels, whereas the female counterpart experienced 1.87%, 78.88%, and 19.25% of the respective levels. The main stress factors were revealed to be uncertainty over the future concerning academics and professional careers. The anxiety level also appears to be a driving factor in influencing individuals to break isolation during the lockdown. This paper attempts to outline a blueprint to predict individual behavior in relation to their anxiety status-quo, and breed further research under this umbrella.

How Course Support and Academic Support Impact on Chinese Graduate Students during the COVID-19: The Multiple Mediating Roles of Thesis Writing and Anxiety

Because of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the learning style of graduate students has changed considerably, making them more susceptible to psychological problems. This study aimed to explore the mediating roles of thesis writing and anxiety between course support (including course-arrangement, course-assessment, and course-learning), academic support (including academic exchange with colleges, tutors and schoolmates) and depression. There were 3137 graduate students investigated by self-developed Graduate Students’ Academic Affected Questionnaire, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale. The results showed that (1) 82% of graduate students reported their course support, academic support and thesis writing were affected to varying degrees; (2) course support and academic support correlated with thesis writing, anxiety and depression (p < 0.001); (3) the mediation model fitted well, the mediating effect of anxiety between academic support and depression was significant (β = 0.086, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001), the serial multiple mediating effects of thesis writing and anxiety between academic support and depression were significant (β = 0.02, SE = 0.008, p = 0.013) and the serial multiple mediating effects of thesis writing and anxiety between course support and depression were also found to be significant (β = 0.014, SE = 0.006, p = 0.014).

Gambaran Karakteristik Dan Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Perawat Dalam Merawat Pasien Covid-19: Literature Review

Anxiety is an emotion that arises because of a threat of danger that cannot be avoided or prevented. This can weaken the immune system. Therefor, it can reduce productivity at work. This study aimed to describe the characteristic of the anxiety level of nurses in treating covid-19 patients in literature review. This research was a literature review research. The search results for articles from online databases, namely ProQuest and Scient Direct, obtained 5 articles that matched the research inclusion criteria. The analysis was critically analyzed using the Hawker instrument. Five articles were obtained with Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale or Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) questionnaire with the results of several characteristics being found. Most respondent were female (92.81% or 7.175), aged with a mean value of 33.15 and 30-40 years old (43.25% or 2.422 respondent), married (69.47% or 5.370 respondent), years of service 10 years (55.09% or 3.086 respondent), graduate-level education (55.46% or 4.287 respondent). While the level of anxiety, 4 articles with 4 levels of anxiety, the most is Normal (69.05% or 5.377 respondent) and 1 article with 5 levels of anxiety, the most was Mild (46% or 92 respondent). The nurses had a good attitude in controlling the perceived anxiety with evidence of the Normal value in measuring anxiety (69,05% or 5.337 respondent), and the Mild value (46% or 92 respondent). It means that nurses are still quite good at controlling anxiety.Key words : Anxiety; Nurses; Self –rating anxiety scale AbstrakKecemasan adalah emosi yang timbul karena suatu ancaman bahaya yang tidak dapat dihindari atau dicegah. Hal ini dapat melemahkan sistem imun, sehingga dapat menurunkan produktifitas dalam bekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik tingkat kecemasan pada perawat dalam merawat pasien covid-19 secara literature review. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian literature review. Hasil pencarian artikel dari database online yaitu ProQuest dan ScienceDirect yang didapatkan 5 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi penelitian. Analisa telaah kritis menggunakan instrumen Hawker. Diperoleh 5 artikel dengan kuesioner Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale atau Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) dengan hasil dari beberapa karakteristik terbanyak yaitu perempuan 7.175 (92,81%), usia dengan nilai mean 33,15 dan 30-40th 2.422 (43,25%), sudah menikah 5.370 (69,47%), lama kerja ≤ 10 th 3.086 (55,09%), pendidikan tingkat graduate 4.287 (55,46%). Sedangkan tingkat kecemasan, 4 artikel dengan 4 tingkatan kecemasan, terbanyak yaitu Normal 5.337 (69,05%) dan 1 artikel dengan 5 tingkatan kecemasan, terbanyak pada Mild 92 (46%). Para perawat memiliki sikap yang baik dalam pengendalian kecemasan yang dirasakan dengan bukti nilai Normal dalam pengukuran kecemasan sebanyak 5.337 (69,05%), dan nilai Mild sebanyak 92 (46%) yang artinya perawat dalam pengendalian kecemasan masih cukup baik.Kata Kunci: Covid-19; Kecemasan; Perawat; Self-rating anxiety scale

The Impact of Cataract Surgery on Vision-Related Quality of Life and Psychological Distress in Monocular Patients

Purpose. To determine the changes in vision-related quality of life and psychological distress after cataract surgery in monocular patients and to compared these with a control group of age- and gender-matched binocular patients. Methods. We enrolled 40 monocular patients and 40 binocular patients who underwent cataract surgery from August 2017 to December 2018. All participants undertook eye examinations and answered questionnaires (the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and Self-rating Depression Scale) before and after cataract surgery. Result. The monocular patients had significantly worse mean CDVA than the binocular patients before and after surgery. However, there was no significant difference between the increases gained by the two groups. Mean composite VFQ-25 scores of the monocular group were significantly lower than those of the binocular group before and after surgery, but the improvement experienced by the monocular group was statistically larger than the binocular group (37.20 ± 12.84 vs. 19.11 ± 5.13, P < 0.001 ). Mean standard SAS scores of monocular patients were significantly higher than those of binocular controls before and after surgery, while monocular patients experienced a significant greater decline of SAS scores (−9.41 ± 5.39 VS −3.84 ± 1.61, P < 0.001 ). Mean standard SDS scores of the monocular group were significantly higher than those of the control group before and after surgery, but the monocular group experienced a significantly greater decline of SDS scores following cataract surgery (−11.91 ± 6.38 VS −4.78 ± 1.79, P < 0.001 ). There was a significant correlation between the preoperative logMAR CDVA and both the postoperative logMAR CDVA (r = 0.63, P < 0.001 ) and the changes in the logMAR CDVA (r = −0.881, P < 0.001 ) for monocular patients. Linear regression analyses suggested that higher postoperative VFQ-25 scores had significant associations with better preoperative CDVA and the absence of systemic comorbidity (both P < 0.05 ). Age and ocular comorbidity were significantly associated with postoperative SAS scores (both P < 0.05 ). Age and systemic comorbidity remained significant impact factors for SDS scores (both P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Monocular patients reported greater improvement in vision-related quality of life and greater decline in the level of anxiety and depression than binocular control subjects, despite having similar CDVA gains after cataract surgery. We argue that it is not a better choice for monocular patients to delay cataract surgery until the cataract is very advanced. A clear understanding of the impact of cataract surgery on vision-related quality of life and psychological distress in monocular patients is needed by ophthalmologists when making surgery decision.

Measurement of the extent of Anxiety and Depression that has occurred in college students due to the COVID 19 pandemic: An Survey based cross-sectional study.

OVERVIEW: The ongoing Pandemic because of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused all the educational institutes including colleges to be closed for a very long time. As a result the students are compelled to remain in their homes for this time. Prolonged stay at home along with excess use of social media and other modes to kill the time are quite famous to cause certain health issues in a person, specially the teenagers and adolescents. Mental wellbegin, being a dimension of health as per WHO should not be ignored at all specially in these situations. METHOD OF STUDY: A Online Questionnaire is prepared based of the ZUNG Self Rating Anxiety and Self Rating Depression Scale (Pre-validated Scales). The Form is circulated digitally among the people and then we have collected the data in excel. Based on the result we have prepared our statistical chart RESULT: Quite a significant number of candidates were suffering due to the pandemic situation. 17.091% were suffering from mild to moderate anxiety, 1.785% had marked to severe anxiety levels, (Constituting approximately 18.9% of the total). On the other hand, 8.673% of the students had mild depression, while 1 candidate (0.255%) had moderate depression and 1 (0.255%) had severe depression, (Constituting approximately 9.20% of the total). We found that candidates in the age group of 23-24 years had the maximum prevalence of depression. It was followed by candidates with ages between 21-22 years. We found that the candidates with age between 23 to 24 years were having highest prevalence of significant anxiety levels which is closely followed by candidates having age which lies between 22 years to 23 years.