A Comparison between Type-2 Diabetics and Non-Diabetics in Terms of Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and non-diabetics in terms of Papillary bleeding index (PBI) of periodontal disease. METHODOLOGY: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted during the period of November 2020 to February 2021 in three (3) tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The sample comprised 105 individuals, 56 participants in Type–2 diabetes group and 49 in non-diabetes group. Male and females, having age between 40-65 years were recruited. Each diabetic and non-diabetic were clinically examined for periodontitis. Age and sex-matched participants suffering from periodontitis without a history of diabetes as well as with good glycemic control (HbA1c) were considered as controls subjects. Glycated hemoglobulin (HbA1c) was carried out for all the participants free of cost by using Human Gmbh-Max-Planck-Ring 21-65205 Wiesbaden-Germany kit. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Peshawar Medical College. Data was analyzed using software package SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Out of 56 diabetics, 24 subjects brushed once daily, 15 brushed twice daily, 11 brushed occasionally and 6 didn’t brush whereas in 49 non diabetics, 20 subjects brushed once daily, 13 brushed twice daily, 11 brushed occasionally and 5 didn’t brush. The clinical parameter mean (PBI) was recorded in our study. Score was 2.09 (±0.82) in diabetics and 1.02 (±0.47) in non-diabetics. P-value measured by the chi square test was significant. Spearman correlation test was performed to explore the association between the type 2 diabetes and Papillary bleeding index (PBI). CONCLUSION: We concluded that a significant difference exists between the mean PBI scores of Type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics.

HydroPy (v1.0): a new global hydrology model written in Python

Global hydrological models (GHMs) are a useful tool in the assessment of the land surface water balance. They are used to further the understanding of interactions between water balance components and their past evolution as well as potential future development under various scenarios. While GHMs have been part of the hydrologist's toolbox for several decades, the models are continuously being developed. In our study, we present the HydroPy model, a revised version of an established GHM, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology's Hydrology Model (MPI-HM). Being rewritten in Python, the new model requires much less effort in maintenance, and due to its flexible infrastructure, new processes can be easily implemented. Besides providing a thorough documentation of the processes currently implemented in HydroPy, we demonstrate the skill of the model in simulating the land surface water balance. We find that evapotranspiration is reproduced realistically for the majority of the land surface but is underestimated in the tropics. The simulated river discharge correlates well with observations. Biases are evident for the annual accumulated discharge; however, they can – at least to some extent – be attributed to discrepancies between the meteorological model forcing data and the observations. Finally, we show that HydroPy performs very similarly to MPI-HM and thus conclude the successful transition from MPI-HM to HydroPy.

Виклики та можливості розвитку прав людини і бізнес-сфери в Бразилії та Латинській Америці: теорія спільного конституційного проєкту для Латинської Америки (А Ius Constitutionale Commune)

In her article, Brazilian professor Daniela Ann Pamplona describes the role of the JointConstitutional Project for Latin America (ICCAL) in strengthening the investment potential of LatinAmerican countries, strengthening the capacity of Latin American countries and businesses to respectand protect human rights. ICCAL is the latest theory developed by Armin von Bogdandi, MarielaMorales Antoniazzi and Flavia Piovesan at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law andInternational Law, which seeks to promote the transformation of social and political realities in LatinAmerica to create the necessary democratic conditions. and human rights. The current situation in theregion is characterized by a number of multifaceted challenges: high poverty rates, deep social gapsthat limit access to opportunities, especially for the most vulnerable; Ethnic groups and indigenouspeoples are not protected and respected in the implementation of macro-projects, such as mining,the lack of norms and practices on the obligation of companies to consult widely with indigenous andtribal peoples and to ensure their participation in any decision to intervene affects their territories.ICCAL’s approach to business and human rights is based on various Inter-American Court rulingsthat recognize the role of companies in adversely affecting human rights, but at the same time clearlyarticulate the human rights obligations of governments and businesses in terms of the HumanRights Guidelines. As the author explains, the potential role of ICCAL is that it can be a practicalguide for interpreting different national norms and helping to strengthen weaker states. It can alsostrengthen dialogue between countries in the region and with the Inter-American Human RightsSystem. Cohesion around the meaning and content of human rights will allow states and companiesto more effectively coordinate and coordinate actions to promote human rights.

The relevance of different heterogeneous ice formation processes for the precipitation budget

<p>Heterogeneous ice formation in mixed-phase precipitating clouds plays an important role in current weather and climate research. The complex interaction between aerosols, clouds and dynamics taking place within these clouds is still not understood. One major reason for that gap in knowledge is the fact that most of the relevant processes take place inside the complex turbulent environment inside of the cloud, making observations difficult. Also, the unknown impact of ice formation on cloud lifetime and precipitation evolution introduces large uncertainties into numeric weather prediction and climate projections.</p> <p>In the present study, we analyze datasets gathered at four different Cloudnet (Illingworth et al., 2007) sites in order to quantify and disentangle the impact of temperature and vertical air motions on precipitation formation. Basis for the investigation are combined measurements of lidar, cloud radar and ground-based disdrometer/rain sensor measurements processes with the Cloudnet algorithm. Fallstreak tracking methods are applied in order to connect rain events on the ground with their generating level/temperature at cloud top. We have evaluated combined remote sensing data gathered at different Cloudnet sites in order to contrast the relationship between cloud top temperature (CTT) and rain formation processes. The datasets at Leipzig (Germany), Limassol (Cyprus) and Punta Arenas (Chile) were collected with the Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote Observations System (LACROS). The Barbados dataset was acquired with the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) of Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg.</p>

Holocene vegetation transitions and their climatic drivers in MPI-ESM1.2

We present a transient simulation of global vegetation and climate patterns of the mid- and late Holocene using the MPI-ESM (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model) at T63 resolution. The simulated vegetation trend is discussed in the context of the simulated Holocene climate change. Our model captures the main trends found in reconstructions. Most prominent are the southward retreat of the northern treeline that is combined with the strong decrease of forest in the high northern latitudes during the Holocene and the vast increase of the Saharan desert, embedded in a general decrease in precipitation and vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere monsoon margin regions. The Southern Hemisphere experiences weaker changes in total vegetation cover during the last 8000 years. However, the monsoon-related increase in precipitation and the insolation-induced cooling of the winter climate lead to shifts in the vegetation composition, mainly between the woody plant functional types (PFTs). The large-scale global patterns of vegetation almost linearly follow the subtle, approximately linear, orbital forcing. In some regions, however, non-linear, more rapid changes in vegetation are found in the simulation. The most striking region is the Sahel–Sahara domain with rapid vegetation transitions to a rather desertic state, despite a gradual insolation forcing. Rapid shifts in the simulated vegetation also occur in the high northern latitudes, in South Asia and in the monsoon margins of the Southern Hemisphere. These rapid changes are mainly triggered by changes in the winter temperatures, which go into, or move out of, the bioclimatic tolerance range of individual PFTs. The dynamics of the transitions are determined by dynamics of the net primary production (NPP) and the competition between PFTs. These changes mainly occur on timescales of centuries. More rapid changes in PFTs that occur within a few decades are mainly associated with the timescales of mortality and the bioclimatic thresholds implicit in the dynamic vegetation model, which have to be interpreted with caution. Most of the simulated Holocene vegetation changes outside the high northern latitudes are associated with modifications in the intensity of the global summer monsoon dynamics that also affect the circulation in the extra tropics via teleconnections. Based on our simulations, we thus identify the global monsoons as the key player in Holocene climate and vegetation change.

Introduction: The Mississippi River Basin—a model for studying the Anthropocene in situ

Is it possible to trace ongoing transitions in the Earth system back to the regional scales at which they are produced and where their effects can be directly experienced? This editorial introduces two special issues of The Anthropocene Review that document a two-year, transdisciplinary experiment: a collaborative investigation of the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) as a model region for studying the Anthropocene condition in situ. Coordinated by the Anthropocene Curriculum, an initiative led by the Haus der Kulturen der Welt and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,1 the project Mississippi: An Anthropocene River involved a large consortium of institutions and more than three hundred researchers, artists, activists, and local community members. Together, participants learned about, questioned, and experienced the Anthropocene at a level meaningful to people, a level at which historical legacies and future commitments play out amid concrete infrastructures and socio-ecological formations, and alongside existing inequalities and life’s everyday struggles. The introduction summarizes eleven scientific and creative research outputs that were selected from this wide-ranging experiment, contextualizes the river’s history, and explains the regional approach the project undertook.