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Pharmaceutics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Aditya R. Darade ◽  
Maria Lapteva ◽  
Thomas Hoffmann ◽  
Markus Mandler ◽  
Achim Schneeberger ◽  
...  

In vitro transcribed messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) constitutes an emerging therapeutic class with several clinical applications. This study presents a systematic comparison of different technologies—intradermal injection, microneedle injection, jet injection, and fractional laser ablation—for the topical cutaneous delivery of mRNA. Delivery of Cy5 labeled mRNA and non-labeled enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expressing mRNA was investigated in a viable ex vivo porcine skin model and monitored for 48 h. Forty 10 µm-thick horizontal sections were prepared from each skin sample and Cy5 labeled mRNA or eGFP expression visualized as a function of depth by confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunohistochemistry. A pixel-based method was used to create a semi-quantitative biodistribution profile. Different spatial distributions of Cy5 labeled mRNA and eGFP expression were observed, depending on the delivery modality; localization of eGFP expression pointed to the cells responsible. Delivery efficiencies and knowledge of delivery sites can facilitate development of efficient, targeted mRNA-based therapeutics.


Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Janika Wolff ◽  
Eeva Tuppurainen ◽  
Adeyinka Adedeji ◽  
Clement Meseko ◽  
Olayinka Asala ◽  
...  

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), together with sheeppox virus and goatpox virus, belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae. Collectively, they are considered the most serious poxvirus diseases of agricultural livestock. Due to their severe clinical course and consequent loss of production, as well as high mortality of naïve small and large ruminant populations, they are known to have a significant impact on the economy and global trade restrictions of affected countries. Therefore, all capripox diseases are classified as notifiable under the guidelines of the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). Since the 1970s, several outbreaks of LSD have been recorded in Nigeria. Until now, only a little information on the virus strains leading to the reported outbreaks have been published, dealing mainly with the phylogenetic relationship of those strains and the description of field outbreaks. During the present study, we experimentally infected cattle with a low-passage Nigerian LSDV strain isolated from a skin sample of LSD positive cattle in Nigeria in 2018. Clinical, molecular and serological data indicate that this LSDV isolate is highly pathogenic in cattle since it induced a severe clinical course and approximately 33% mortality in naïve Holstein Friesian cattle after experimental infection.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Akizuki ◽  
M. Osumi

It is necessary for making the real appearance of human skin sample to deal with not only the spectral reflectance characteristics but also the multi-layer structure and translucency. This paper reported the measurement and analysis of the spectral transmitted and scattering light characteristics. For five subjects, the maximum of transmitted light intensity was resulted at 700 nm near the light source, and decreased with decreasing wavelength. Longer the wavelength, longer the distance which the transmitted light intensity was downing to zero. we defined the average attenuation ratio per unit transmitted light intensity which had the calculation range from 3.5 mm from the light source to the distance that the variation ratio of the transmitted light intensity per unit distance was converged to zero. All subjects’ results showed the peak of the average attenuation ratio at 700 nm and the value were almost 0.5. And they decreased with decreasing wavelength.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Annette Dalrymple ◽  
Emma-Jayne Bean ◽  
Jesse Thissen ◽  
Holger Behrsing ◽  
Steven Coburn ◽  
...  

Summary Exhaled or side-stream cigarette smoke (CS) may visually stain a consumer's skin over time. Tobacco heating products (THPs) and e-cigarettes (ECs) have reduced staining potential because they do not produce side-stream aerosols and their exhaled aerosols have significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. Here we assess discolouration of porcine skin in vitro after exposure to particulate matter (PM) or aerosols from CS (3R4F), two THPs (glo and glo sens) and an EC (iSwitch Maxx). PM was prepared by capturing aerosols on Cambridge filter pads and eluting with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Abattoir-obtained porcine skin samples were incubated with PM or DMSO control at 37 °C between 0 and 6.0 h. For aerosol assessment, porcine skin samples were exposed to between 50 and 400 puffs of the products, or air control, using a smoking machine. Colour profiles and staining levels of each skin sample were measured at different timepoints and puff thresholds using a spectrophotometer. Staining increased with time and dose, the greatest changes being observed following exposure to aerosols and PM from CS. THP, EC and control values were significantly different from CS after 0.5 h exposure to PM or 50 puffs of aerosols. The minimal staining induced by THPs and EC was comparable to controls. These data suggest that THPs and ECs could offer hygiene benefits to consumers who switch from smoking cigarettes. Further studies are required to assess the longer-term effects of THPs and ECs on skin discoloration. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 30 (2021) 158–166]


2021 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. S172
Author(s):  
J. Ostojic ◽  
A. Tapia ◽  
A. Nguyen ◽  
J. Rock ◽  
M. Howell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna S ◽  
Abraham Susan Swapna ◽  
GS Ajithkumar ◽  
Sujatha Chintha ◽  
PR Prathiush ◽  
...  

Background: Detection of the virus or some of its specific components using WHO and OIE recommended standard laboratory tests is the only way to get a reliable diagnosis of rabies. Brain tissue is the preferred specimen for post-mortem diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals. Higher biosecurity requirements, skill and transportation facilities required for collection and transport of brain or whole carcass to the laboratory is one of the reasons for the poor rabies surveillance in animals. Point of care testing with simple, reliable and easy to operate devices would be an ideal approach for providing rapid results. Methods: The study evaluated diagnostic performance of two reference tests, DFAT and RTPCR on skin specimen, to assess its suitability as an alternative of brain tissue for post mortem rabies diagnosis in animals. Brain tissue and skin sample belonging to different species of animals (n=90) collected at necropsy were compared using Fluorescent Antibody Test and RT PCR, internationally approved methods for rabies diagnosis.  Results: Validation of RT-PCR on skin and DFAT on skin in comparison with DFAT on brain as gold standard gave a sensitivity of 98% (95% CI:94.1-100) and 80% (95%CI:71.8-88.2) respectively.  Specificity was 100% in both tests. Conclusion: The findings highlight the potential of skin specimen for improving rabies surveillance in animals especially in resource poor countries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 7958
Author(s):  
Se Hoon Ki ◽  
Kai Masur ◽  
Ku Youn Baik ◽  
Eun Ha Choi

Skin applications of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) have been at-tracting attention from medical and cosmetic aspects. The reactive species generated from plasma sources have been known to play important roles in the skin. For proper applications, it is essential to know how they diffuse into the skin. In this study, the penetration of active species from NTAPP through a skin model was analyzed by UV absorption spectroscopy. The diffusions of hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and nitrate were quantified through curve fitting. We utilized an agarose gel to mimic epidermis and dermis layers, and we used a lipid film or a pig skin sample to mimic the stratum corneum (SC). The diffusion characteristics of reactive species through this skin model and the limitations of this method were discussed


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009645
Author(s):  
Freda Loy Aceng ◽  
Alex Riolexus Ario ◽  
Phoebe Hilda Alitubeera ◽  
Mukasa Matinda Neckyon ◽  
Daniel Kadobera ◽  
...  

Background Anthrax is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans from infected animals. During May–June 2017, three persons with probable cutaneous anthrax were reported in Arua District, Uganda; one died. All had recently handled carcasses of livestock that died suddenly and a skin lesion from a deceased person tested positive by PCR for Bacillus anthracis. During July, a bull in the same community died suddenly and the blood sample tested positive by PCR for Bacillus anthracis. The aim of this investigation was to establish the scope of the problem, identify exposures associated with illness, and recommend evidence-based control measures. Methods A probable case was defined as acute onset of a papulo-vesicular skin lesion subsequently forming an eschar in a resident of Arua District during January 2015–August 2017. A confirmed case was a probable case with a skin sample testing positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for B. anthracis. Cases were identified by medical record review and active community search. In a case-control study, exposures between case-patients and frequency- and village-matched asymptomatic controls were compared. Key animal health staff were interviewed to learn about livestock deaths. Results There were 68 case-patients (67 probable, 1 confirmed), and 2 deaths identified. Cases occurred throughout the three-year period, peaking during dry seasons. All cases occurred following sudden livestock deaths in the villages. Case-patients came from two neighboring sub-counties: Rigbo (attack rate (AR) = 21.9/10,000 population) and Rhino Camp (AR = 1.9/10,000). Males (AR = 24.9/10,000) were more affected than females (AR = 0.7/10,000). Persons aged 30–39 years (AR = 40.1/10,000 population) were most affected. Among all cases and 136 controls, skinning (ORM-H = 5.0, 95%CI: 2.3–11), butchering (ORM-H = 22, 95%CI: 5.5–89), and carrying the carcass of livestock that died suddenly (ORM-H = 6.9, 95%CI: 3.0–16) were associated with illness. Conclusions Exposure to carcasses of animals that died suddenly was a likely risk factor for cutaneous anthrax in Arua District during 2015–2017. The recommendations are investigation of anthrax burden in livestock, prevention of animal infections through vaccinations, safe disposal of the carcasses, public education on risk factors for infection and prompt treatment of illness following exposure to animals that died suddenly.


Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gabriella Fredman ◽  
Lone Skov ◽  
Matthias Mann ◽  
Beatrice Dyring-Andersen

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves as a multilayered protective shield from the environment as well as a sensor and thermal regulator. However, despite its importance, many details about skin structure and function at the molecular level remain incompletely understood. Recent advances in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics have enabled the quantification and characterization of the proteomes of a number of clinical samples, including normal and diseased skin. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Here, we review the current state of the art in proteomic analysis of the skin. We provide a brief overview of the technique and skin sample collection methodologies as well as a number of recent examples to illustrate the utility of this strategy for advancing a broader understanding of the pathology of diseases as well as new therapeutic options. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Proteomic studies of healthy skin and skin diseases can identify potential molecular biomarkers for improved diagnosis and patient stratification as well as potential targets for drug development. Collectively, efforts such as the Human Skinatlas offer improved opportunities for enhancing clinical practice and patient outcomes.


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