Pagamento de serviço ambiental, valor justo e valor de mercado: um estudo tipológico de uma companhia do segmento de papel e celulose

O Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais tornou-se lei (14.119/21) em 2021, portanto um marco se instala no tratamento aspectos ambientais relevantes. Neste contexto a qualidade da informação ambiental deve ser observada como uma linguagem dos negócios no âmbito internacional. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa busca investigar: busca compreender qual o alinhamento tipológico aplicada nos textos da Lei 14.119/21 em relação ao arcabouço teórico sobre a norma IFRS que trata de valor justo: Valor justo CPC 46 – Mensurações do Valor Justo (instrumentos financeiros); IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement e Ativos biológicos (plantas e animais) CPC 29 - IAS 41. Por metodologia, utilizou-se o estudo de casos tendo a Klabin S.A como objeto e também foi realizada uma análise do tipo documental no texto da Lei de pagamento de serviços ambientais (PSA) e do relatório trimestral de uma empresa potencialmente poluidora do segmento de papel e celulose. Através das discussões e dos resultados, foi possível verificar que alguns aspectos relativos à informação financeira (valor justo e valor de mercado) não foram levados em conta no texto redacional da Lei supracitada. Observou-se também que a Lei do PSA delineia mais questões ambientais do que as observadas pela empresa em tela.

UNDERSTANDING BIG DATA-FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL ASSETS

This research establishes a Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets using a Smart Farming Approach. The aim of the study is to gather literature knowledge about the judgment of biological assets. The use of big data and innovative farming in the agricultural sector is relatively new in Malaysia, making people wonder about its effectiveness, whether positive or negative. However, determining fair value can be a daunting task due to the existence of personal biological properties and the variety of specimens (offspring), classes, and conditions. Agricultural sectors need to be more emphasised by many parties as the increases in cost production is not a trivial matter that can be ignored. There have been pressures from foreign countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia in the agricultural sector. Malaysia faces one major challenge: the cost of production, including wages and inputs, is relatively higher. (Rozhan 2019). Agricultural accounting is a minor standard, but it has a broad scope and a significant impact on agricultural businesses based on the accounting perspective, the MFRS141/IAS 41. The standard improves the transparency of the cost to replace capital (by allowing for depreciation and amortisation) and better reflects the productive lifespan of assets in agricultural operations. However, the application of MFRS 141 Agriculture is still relatively new in Malaysia, and a thorough examination of the literature indicates several gaps and deficiencies. This literature review is vital to support the study on Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets as the agricultural sector's involvement was recently popular. It might also offer some good ideas for handling problems involving the fair value measurement. Future studies will help the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries, agriculture sector workers, in terms of practical perspective. Therefore, the future result of the study suggests an improvement within the agriculture sector related to the treatment in their fair values, issues, and strategies.

Fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment in the Russian accounting of organizations that are not budgetary sphere organizations: scope and features of formation

The Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 5/2019 “Inventories” provides for a fairly broad application of fair value measurement of the inventories of non-budgetary sphere organizations (including healthcare organizations). An even more active use of fair value is suggested by FAS 6/2020 for the measurement of property, plant and equipment of the aforementioned organizations. The specified value is entered into the domestic accounting of the listed assets for the first time and is unusual for many Russian accountants. All this indicates the relevance of a detailed study of issues related to the fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment of the aforementioned organizations. In this article, the scope and features of the formation of this measurement are investigated. Other issues related to this measurement will be analyzed by us in the next article. The research methods were analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systemic approach. As a result of the research carried out, the article defines the scope of the fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment in the Russian accounting of organizations that are not budgetary sphere organizations, analyzes the features of the formation of such a measurement of these assets, identifies the most important problematic issues in this area and identifies ways to solve them.

Own Credit Risk Accounting, Modigliani-Miller Theorem, and the Fallacy of Counter-Intuitive Results

Purpose: This article tests own credit risk accounting under Modigliani-Miller theory to determine whether there is a fundamental fallacy in the unsolved issue of counter-intuitive results. Design/methodology/approach: A system of equations derived from the MM theorem to own risk. Findings: Solutions to the wealth transfer hypothesis. Parameters of issuer and holder that nullify own credit risk gain/loss and impairment loss/gain. A theoretical framework is developed to reconcile accounting to Modigliani-Miller theory. If the MM theory is true, as generally it is held to be, the system of equations shows that the recognition of own credit gain or loss would arise from different accounting measurement bases of liability own risk versus assets impairment, and by not reflecting the rebound effect in liability fair value measurement, in both cases not a faithfully representation of the substance of the facts and circumstances. The former would require a re-alignment between impairment and financial liability measurement rules. The latter would require a rethinking of fulfillment vs. fair value measurement to these liabilities. In addition, given the tenet that the accounting does not recognize shareholder wealth transfer, the current financial performance dilemma can be solved by recognizing in equity the concept of capital maintenance adjustment. Originality: Rare, if not unique, innovative direct application of MM paradigm to own risk. Implications: Significant contribution to the debate on performance and OCI, counter-intuitive results and accounting mismatch, fulfilment value versus fair value, incomplete recognition of contemporaneous asset value, and the definition of income in the Conceptual Framework.

Fair value measurement and its impact on audit fees: evidence in the Brazilian market

Objective: The purpose is to verify the impact of using the measurement at fair value on the audit fees, differentiating even the period before and after the adoption of IFRS 13 (CPC 46). Methodology: The research is quantitative, for testing the hypothesis raised, the multiple regression technique was used, with data available from companies listed in B3 for the period between 2010 and 2016. Results: The evidence indicates that the complexity and subjectivity of fair value is recognized by the audit firms, that is, audit firms recognize that fair value measurement implies more effort and that the associated audit risk rises, leading firms to charge of a risk premium for the provision of the service. However, it was not possible to confirm that auditors' fees increased after the adoption of IFRS13 (CPC 46). Contributions of study: Theoretical/methodological - The study contributes to understanding the impacts of adopting international accounting standards, in this specific case on audit fees. Social/management - Given the evidence that there is a higher audit cost associated with the greater complexity of information in a fair value environment, companies can develop mechanisms to minimize the uncertainty of the information to be audited.

The Influence of Fair Value Measurement on the Pledge of Overconfident Major Shareholders Based on Multiple Regression and Fisher Test

Adopting fair value measurement may bring more earnings fluctuations and induce irrational psychology and radical financing behavior of managers and major shareholders. Based on behavioral corporate governance theory, using the sample of A-share nonfinancial listed companies of China during 2015–2017, this paper empirically examines the regulatory effect of fair value measurement; that is, whether fair value measurement affects the company’s financing decisions when major shareholders have irrational psychological characteristics, i.e., overconfidence. The study found that overconfident major shareholders increase the probability of equity pledge and increase the proportion of equity pledge; further inspection found that if the level of accrued earnings management is higher, the adjustment effect of fair value measurement is also higher; when the risk of stock price collapse is higher, fair value measurement obviously increases the probability and ratio of overconfident major shareholders’ equity pledge. The above conclusions provide empirical evidence that fair value measurement has a positively regulatory effect on financing decisions of major shareholders.